Piano Sonata No. 11 (Beethoven)

Dominant seventh tritone resolution in Beethoven's Piano Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 22 (1800).^[1]

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Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, was composed in 1800, and published two years later. Beethoven regarded it as the best of his early sonatas, though some of its companions in the cycle have been at least as popular with the public.^[2]

Prominent musicologist Donald Francis Tovey has called this work the crowning achievement and culmination of Beethoven's early "grand" piano sonatas.^[3] Subsequent sonatas find Beethoven experimenting more with form and concept.^[2]

Structure

	Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 1st Movement (Part 1), Allegro con brio Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is three minutes and 24 seconds. Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 1st Movement (Conclusion), Allegro con brio Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is three minutes and 13 seconds.
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The sonata has four movements:^[4]

Allegro con brio
Adagio con molto espressione
Menuetto
Rondo: Allegretto

A typical performance lasts 25-30 minutes.

First Movement

The first movement is in typical sonata form. The exposition starts in the tonic key and transitions into the dominant key as the second theme begins. The development plays around with the closing measures of the exposition before making the right hand play arpeggios as the bass line slowly descends chromatically. The theme of the closing octaves from the exposition comes back again in the bass, leading into a chromatic scale resolving in an FMm7 chord (dominant function of the sonata), which sets up the recapitulation. The recapitulation is at first the same as the exposition, but has some changes, with a deviation that sets the rest of the movement to stay in the tonic key.^[4]

Second Movement

	Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 2nd Movement (Part 1), Adagio con molto espressione Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is three minutes and 40 seconds. Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 2nd Movement (Conclusion), Adagio con molto espressione Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is five minutes and 16 seconds.
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The second movement is in E flat major and is also in sonata form. Its opening melody is often compared to the later music of Chopin.^[4] The exposition starts in the tonic key and ends in the dominant key. The development plays around with the first theme of the exposition, slowly building intensity until both hands play constant 16th notes. The right hand plays a second voice above its 16th notes, and a little later, the left hand plays a bass line consisting of just B flats. The left hand then stops and the right hand flows right into the recapitulation. The recapitulation stays in the tonic key for the rest of the movement.

Third Movement

	Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 3rd Movement, Menuetto Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is three minutes and 16 seconds.
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The third movement is in minuet and trio form, but the trio is instead a very contrasting "Minore". The first 30 measures of the Menuetto are in B flat major, the Minore is in G minor (the relative minor of B flat major). The end of the Minore is marked Menuetto D.C. senza replica which means to play the Menuetto again, this time without taking the repeats. This is the shortest movement.^[4]

Fourth Movement

	Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major, Op. 22, 4th Movement, Rondo - Allegretto Performed in 1933 by Arthur Schnabel. Run time is five minutes and 14 seconds.
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The fourth movement is in a rondo form: A-B-A-C-A-B-A-Coda.^[4] The first "A" theme starts in the tonic key, and the "B" theme transitions into the dominant key with big grand arpeggios in the right hand using a good portion of the keyboard. After the arpeggios, both hands play around with the "A" theme's melody before arriving back to the tonic key at the second "A" theme (with very little deviation from the first "A" theme). Suddenly, the "C" theme begins with a key change into B flat minor (although not marked in the key signature). The sharp forte chords, although in stark contrast with the rest of the rondo, bear some resemblance to the first few chords of the "B" theme. The right hand then plays urgent 32nd notes while the left hand supports with staccato 16th notes. This reaches a climax, a "call-and-response" play on the beginning of the "C" theme, and the 32nd note passage with the climax again.

Not unlike the end of the "B" theme, the "A" theme's melody is suggested a few times before returning to the tonic key and a third "A" section. However, the melody of this "A" section is in the left hand until the right hand has a two-measure 32nd note run that flows into the rest of the melody, this time the right hand octaves being broken. The next section (second "B" section) is very similar to the first "B" section except that it stays in the tonic key all the way through. A fake "A" section is played in the subdominant key before developing into the final "A" section where the melody consists of triplet 16th notes instead of regular duplet 16th notes. The very end of the final "A" sections runs right into the coda that builds up to an exciting final climax before relaxing to a piano dynamic level and two big chords (dominant seventh to tonic) to conclude the sonata.

References

↑ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony in Concept & Practice, p.145. Third edition. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
1 2 "Artur Pizarro — The Beethoven Sonata Cycle", BBC (accessed August 3, 2015).
↑ The "grand" modifier was applied by Beethoven to sonatas with four movements instead of three.
1 2 3 4 5 Cummings, Robert. "Piano Sonata No. 11 in B Flat Major, Op. 22 (1800)" in All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music, p. 108 (Chris Woodstra, Gerald Brennan, Allen Schrott eds., Hal Leonard Corporation, 2005).

External links

A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata op. 22
Piano Sonata No. 11: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
For a public domain recording of this sonata visit Musopen

Piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven

Nos. 1–10 (Opp. 2–14)	No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 No. 2 in A major, Op. 2, No. 2 No. 3 in C major, Op. 2, No. 3 No. 4 in E♭ major, Op. 7 (Grand Sonata) No. 5 in C minor, Op. 10, No. 1 No. 6 in F major, Op. 10, No. 2 No. 7 in D major, Op. 10, No. 3 No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique) No. 9 in E major, Op. 14, No. 1 No. 10 in G major, Op. 14, No. 2

Nos. 11–20 (Opp. 22–49)	No. 11 in B♭ major, Op. 22 No. 12 in A♭ major, Op. 26 (Funeral March) No. 13 in E♭ major, Op. 27, No. 1 No. 14 in C♯ minor, Op. 27, No. 2 (Moonlight) No. 15 in D major, Op. 28 (Pastoral) No. 16 in G major, Op. 31, No. 1 No. 17 in D minor, Op. 31, No. 2 (The Tempest) No. 18 in E♭ major, Op. 31, No. 3 (The Hunt) No. 19 in G minor and No. 20 in G major, Op. 49

Nos. 21–32 (Opp. 53–111)	No. 21 in C major, Op. 53 (Waldstein) No. 22 in F major, Op. 54 No. 23 in F minor, Op. 57 (Appassionata) No. 24 in F♯ major, Op. 78 (A Thérèse) No. 25 in G major, Op. 79 No. 26 in E♭ major, Op. 81a (Les adieux) No. 27 in E minor, Op. 90 No. 28 in A major, Op. 101 No. 29 in B♭ major, Op. 106 (Hammerklavier) No. 30 in E major, Op. 109 No. 31 in A♭ major, Op. 110 No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111

Unnumbered (WoO)	Three Piano Sonatas, WoO 47 Piano Sonata in C major, WoO. 51 (fragmentary work)

Spurious/doubtful (Anh.)	Sonatina in G major, Anh. 5, No. 1 Sonatina in F major, Anh. 5, No. 2

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