Petitcodiac River Campaign

Petitcodiac River Campaign
Part of French and Indian War

George Scott by John Singleton Copley (c.1758), The Brook
DateJune 1758 - November 1758
LocationPetitcodiac River, present-day New Brunswick
Commanders and leaders
George Scott
Joseph Gorham
Moses Hazen
Benoni Danks
Silvanus Cobb
William Stark		 Joseph Bernard (Beausoliel)
Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot
Charles Germain[1]
Units involved
40th Regiment of Foot
Gorham's Rangers
Danks' Rangers
Roger's Rangers[2]		 Acadia militia
Wabanaki Confederacy (Maliseet militia and Mi'kmaq militia)
Petitcodiac River, New Brunswick

The Petitcodiac River Campaign was a series of British military operations from June to November 1758, during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War), to deport the Acadians that either lived along the Petitcodiac River or had taken refuge there from earlier deportation operations, such as the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign. Under the command of George Scott, William Stark's company of Rogers Rangers, Benoni Danks and Gorham's Rangers carried out the operation.

According to one historian, the level of Acadian suffering greatly increased in the late summer of 1758. Along with campaigns in Cape Sable Campaign, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. John River Campaign, the British targeted the Petitcodiac River.[3]

Historical context

Marquis de Boishébert - Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot (1753)

The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.[4] During the Seven Years' War, the British sought both to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.[5]

The first wave of these deportations began in 1755 with the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). Many Acadians fled those operations to present-day New Brunswick and the French colony of Ile Saint-Jean, now known as Prince Edward Island.

After capturing Louisbourg on Ile Royal (present-day Cape Breton, Nova Scotia) in 1758, Acadians left Ile St. Jean for present-day New Brunswick. At this time the second wave of the Expulsion began from Ile Saint Jean and Cape Breton and continued in earnest in New Brunswick. According to one historian, this wave of operations was more brutal and considerably more devastating than the first.[6]

The Petitcodiac is situated between two smaller rivers – the Shepody River (off Shepody Bay) and the Memramcook river (the three bodies of water were often called "Trois-Rivières" by its inhabitants.) Weeks after the Expulsion began with the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755), the British forces raided villages at Chipoudy and Petitcodiac (Hillsborough, New Brunswick). As well, on November 17, 1755, George Scott took seven hundred troops and attacked twenty houses at Memramcook (Dorchester, New Brunswick). They arrested the Acadians that remained and killed two hundred head of livestock.[7] Even after these raids, Acadians returned to these villages and the numbers grew as the deportation from peninsula Nova Scotia continued, followed by the deportation of present-day Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton.

On September 10, 1757, Captain John Knox of the Forty-third Regiment was ordered to take part in an 800 man joint force of rangers and regulars to march against Chipoudy, which seemed to be the originating point for the Acadian and Mi’kmaq raids on Chignecto.[8] Almost seven months later, on March 28, 1758, Gorham’s Rangers raided Chipoudy and found only women and children; the men had left for Fort Cumberland, where they attacked a schooner.[9] The Rangers were shocked at how fast the community had re-built after the previous raid.[9]

The Campaign

In June 1758, Lieutenant Meech of Benoni Danks’ Rangers along with fifty-five men advanced up the Petitcodiac River, suspecting that this was where the Acadian and Mi’kmaq raids originated. They made contact with 40 Acadians but were unable to catch them.[10]

On July 1, 1758, Danks himself began to pursue the Acadians. They arrived at present day Moncton and Danks’ Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians, who were led by Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). Many were driven into the river, three of them were killed and scalped, and others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.[11] Danks reported that the scalps were Mi’kmaq and received payment for them. Thereafter, he went down in local lore as “one of the most reckless and brutal” of the Rangers.[10] (While the French paid Mi'kmaq for British scalps, the British paid New England Rangers for Mi'kmaq scalps.)

In September 1758, Rogers Rangers burned a village of 100 buildings. The Acadians captured five of the British troops and retreated with then to the Miramachi.[12] The Acadians took prisoner William Caesar McCormick of William Stark's rangers and his detachment of three rangers and two light infantry privates from the 35th. They were taken to Miramachi and then Restogouch.[13] (They were kept by Pierre du Calvet who later released them to Halifax.)[14]

November 12, 1758, Danks’ Rangers sailed up the river and returned the next day with four men and twelve women and children as prisoners. The prisoners notified Danks about the location of Joseph Broussard's home (present day Boundary Creek). Danks’ company sailed immediately up the Petitodiac to attack Broussard’s home. By the time Danks arrived the house was vacant. Danks killed the livestock and burned the fields and village.[15]

The Rangers returned to the river. Captain Silvanus Cobb continued to ferry Rangers up and down the river to destroy the houses and crops over two nights, November 13–14. On November 14, Acadian resistance appeared early in the morning. Two of Danks' Rangers were missing. The Rangers overwhelmed the Acadians once Danks' reinforcement of a platoon of Rangers arrived. The Rangers took a dozen women and children hostage.[16] Joseph Gorham reported that he had burned over a hundred homes and Danks reported he destroyed twenty three buildings.[16]

The Rangers then returned to Fort Frederick at the mouth of the St. John River with the prisoners.

Aftermath

The Acadian refugees from the Petitcodiac River Campaign went to the Penobscot River, a region that Preble and Pownall were prepared to sweep in early 1759.[17]

A part of the regulars under Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Rollo arrested and deported Acadians in the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign.

Major General Amherst dispatched Brigadier James Wolfe to the northeast along the coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).[18] He sent Wolfe with three entire regiments and seven ships of the line to destroy Acadian fields and settlements.[16] After Wolfe had left the area, the 1760 Battle of Restigouche led to the capture of several hundred Acadians at Boishébert's refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle.[19]

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Endnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/germain_charles_4E.html
  2. ↑ p. 34
  3. ↑ Grenier, pp. 198-200
  4. ↑ John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008
  5. ↑ Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples, p. 144.
  6. ↑ John Faragher, p. 403
  7. ↑ John Grenier, p. 184
  8. ↑ Grenier, p. 191
  9. 1 2 Grenier, p. 195
  10. 1 2 Grenier, p. 198
  11. ↑ Grenier, p. 198; Faragher, p. 402.
  12. ↑ Burt G. Loescher. Rogers Rangers: First Green Berets, p.34-35
  13. ↑ Green Baret, p. 34
  14. ↑ Tousignant, Pierre and Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine. "du Calvet, Pierre", in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto and Université Laval, 2000, retrieved July 10, 2008
  15. ↑ John Grenier, p. 200
  16. 1 2 3 Grenier, p. 201
  17. ↑ Grenier, p. 202
  18. ↑ Lockerby, 2008, p. 55; For the campaign to the Gaspé see J.S. McLennan, Louisbourg: From its Founding to its Fall by , Macmillan and Co. Ltd London, UK 1918, pp. 417-423 (see https://archive.org/stream/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft_djvu.txt)
  19. ↑ John Faragher, p. 415
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