Perkin triangle

Perkin triangle

A Perkin triangle distillation setup 1 Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules 2 Still pot 3 Fractionating column, preferably vacuum-jacket insulated 4 Thermometer 5 Teflon tap 1, distillate-collecting tap 6 Cold finger 7 / 8 Cooling-water outflow/inflow 9 Teflon tap 2, still isolation tap 10 Vacuum/gas inlet 11 Teflon tap 3, distillate-isolation tap 12 Still receiver
Uses	Distillation
Inventor	William Henry Perkin
Related items	Vacuum distillation

A Perkin triangle is a specialized apparatus for the distillation of air-sensitive materials. It is named after William Henry Perkin Jr., whose design was approximately triangular in shape. The image opposite shows a more modern version, in which the glass taps have been replaced with more air-tight Teflon taps.

Some compounds have high boiling points, as well as being air-sensitive. A simple vacuum distillation system can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure. To do this, a "pig" adapter can be added to the end of the condenser, or for better results or for very air-sensitive compounds, a Perkin triangle apparatus can be used.

The Perkin triangle uses a series of glass or Teflon taps to allow fractions to be isolated from the rest of the still, without the main body of the distillation being removed from either the vacuum or heat source, so that the reflux may continue. To do this, the sample is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the taps; the vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) and can then be stoppered and removed. A fresh collection vessel can then be added to the system, evacuated and linked back into the distillation system through the taps to collect a second fraction, and so on, until all fractions have been collected.

Solvent drying

A Perkin triangle is also a convenient device for drying solvents. The solvent can be allowed to reflux over a drying agent housed in the still pot (shown as 1 in the figure) for a suitable time to dry solvent. The collecting tap (shown as 5 in the figure) can then be opened to collect the solvent in a Schlenk flask for storage. Depending on the boiling point of the solvent, a vacuum can be applied.

Reference textbook

• John Leonard; B. Lygo; Garry Procter. Advanced practical organic chemistry. pp. 198–200. 

External links

Royal Society of Chemistry: Classic Kit: 'Perkin's' triangle:

Distillation
Principles	Raoult's law Dalton's law Reflux Fenske equation McCabe–Thiele method Theoretical plate Partial pressure Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Industrial processes	Batch distillation Continuous distillation Fractionating column Spinning cone
Laboratory methods	Alembic Kugelrohr Rotary evaporator Spinning band distillation Still
Techniques	Azeotropic Catalytic Destructive Dry Extractive Fractional Reactive Salt-effect Steam-based Vacuum-based