Treaty of Vereeniging

Treaty of Vereeniging

Table on which the treaty was signed on 31 May 1902, at Melrose House, Pretoria,  South Africa
Context End of the Second Boer War and defeat of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State
Signed 31 May 1902 (1902-05-31)
Location Melrose House, Pretoria, South African Republic (Negotiated in Vereeniging, South African Republic)
Signatories
Parties
Language English
Peace of Vereeniging at Wikisource

The Treaty of Vereeniging (commonly referred to as Peace of Vereeniging)[1] was the peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Republic of the Orange Free State, on the one side, and the British Empire on the other.

This settlement provided for the end of hostilities and eventual self-government to the Transvaal (South African Republic) and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire. The Boer republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown and the British government agreed on various details.

Background

On 9 April 1902, with safe passage guaranteed by the British, the Boer leadership met at Klerksdorp, Transvaal. Present were Marthinus Steyn, Free State president and Schalk Burger acting Transvaal president with the Boer generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey and they would discuss the progress of the war and whether negotiations should be opened with the British.[2]:462

On 12 April, a ten-man Boer delegation went to Melrose House in Pretoria and met General Kitchener bringing with them a seven-point proposal for a treaty of friendship. Their position was to return to a pre-war status-quo for the republics with certain changes such as a commercial union with the British colonies, votes for uitlanders, equal languages in schools and an amnesty.[2]:462 Kitchener was astounded but forwarded the proposal to London, knowing it would not be accepted but wanted the dialogue between the two parties to continue.[2]:462 Alfred Milner joined the negotiations on 14 April but he was hostile to the Boers and wanted an unconditional surrender and a free rein in administering the two republics as colonies.[2]:463 The British government rejected the Boers terms and the delegation asked Kitchener for a series of armistices so that the could return and consult with the commandos as to whether they could negotiate a surrender and its terms.[2]:463

On 15 May, the commando's elected 30 delegates from each pre-war republic and they met at Vereeniging. The debate was heated, split between the Transvaalers who wanted an end to the war as living conditions for the Boer civilians in the Transvaal was becoming desperate with splits developing in the Boer population there while the Free Staters wished to continue the war.[2]:463–4

A compromise was reached and the generals returned to Pretoria on 19 May with a proposal that the republics remain independent, with foreign relations and self-government under British control, cede control of Swaziland and relinquish control of the Witwatersrand goldfields.[2]:464 The terms were rejected by Kitchener and Milner with the two of them disagreeing on the direction of the future, with the former seeking reconciliation and the latter seeking humiliation.[2]:465 The debate between the Boer generals and British delegation would continue for days. The British made concessions which included the Cape rebels only being disenfranchised for five years.[2]:465 The issue of black enfranchisement was settled, when Chamberlain's argument before the war for black peoples political rights to be considered at the end of the war was ignored in the interest of reconciliation and Smuts was able to include a clause that the argument for black enfranchisement would be decided when self-government was realised for the Transvaal and Free State.[2]:465–6 As to contentious issue of British and Boer war debt and promissory notes, Botha wanted ₤3 million while the British offered ₤1 million, with Milner angry at the idea of paying for Boer promissory notes, but Kitchener agreed seeing Botha's viewpoint that it would strengthen the latter in negotiating the terms with his delegates.[2]:466 The Orange River and the Transvaal colonies would first be administered by a British military administration, then by civilians and then at some point in the future via self-government.[2]:467

On 27 May 1902, the British Cabinet met to discuss the final terms of the treaty and on 28 May in Pretoria, the Boers were presented with the terms and given three days to make a decision of which the answer required was either yes or no.[2]:466–7

Sixty Boer delegates met in Vereeniging to debate the terms of the treaty and a heated debate developed between the Transvaalers and Free Staters, with Botha and Smuts arguing in favour while Marthinus Steyn argued against it.[2]:467 Ill, he would resign as Free State president after the first day of debate and advised Chistiaan de Wet if the Transvaalers agreed to the treaty, then he should too as Free State could not continue the war on their own.[2]:468

At around 2pm on 31 May 1902 a vote was called and 54 delegates voted yes to the terms of the treaty but six voted no. On the same day the Boer leaders returned to Kitchener at Melrose House in Pretoria and the peace treaty was signed.[2]:469

Terms of the settlement

This settlement entailed the end of hostilities and the surrender of all Boer forces and their arms to the British, with the promise of eventual self-government to the Transvaal (South African Republic) and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire. The Boer Republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown and the British government agreed on various details including the following:

  1. All Boer fighters of both republics had to give themselves up
  2. All combatants would be disarmed
  3. Everyone had to swear allegiance to the Crown
  4. No death penalties would be dealt out
  5. A general amnesty would apply
  6. The use of Dutch would be allowed in the schools and law courts.
  7. To eventually give the Transvaal and the Orange Free State self-government (civil government was granted in 1906 and 1907, respectively).[3]
  8. To avoid discussing the native (Black) enfranchisement issue until self-government had been given.
  9. To pay the Afrikaners £3,000,000 in reconstruction aid.
  10. Property rights of Boers would be respected
  11. No land taxes would be introduced
  12. Registered private guns would be allowed

Subsequent to the British government giving the Boer colonies self-government, the Union of South Africa was created on 31 May 1910. The Union gained relative independence under the 1926 Imperial Conference and the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The country became a republic in 1961 therefore severing all connections with Great Britain. The country rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994.

Although the treaty is named after the town of Vereeniging in Transvaal, where the peace negotiations took place, the document was actually signed at Melrose House in Pretoria.

Original manuscript

See also

References

  1. ↑ See Peace of Vereeniging for original text.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Meredith, Martin (2007). Diamonds, Gold and War. The Making of South Africa. London, Great Britain: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8614-5.
  3. ↑ Thompson, L. M. (1960). The Unification of South Africa, 1902–1910. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Further reading

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