Opelousas massacre
The Opelousas massacre occurred on September 28, 1868 in Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. The event is also referred to as the Opelousas riot by some historians.
History
The initial catalyst for the massacre was the attempt by some Opelousas African Americans to join a Democratic Party political group in the neighboring town of Washington. Caucasian Democrats in Opelousas, mainly members of the Seymour Knights, the local unit of the white supremacist organization Knights of the White Camellia, visited Washington to violently drive them out of the party. In response to this, Emerson Bentley, an 18-year-old Ohio-born white school teacher and editor of "The Landry Progress", a Republican newspaper in Opelousas, wrote an article which described the violence that the Seymour Knights had used against the black Democrats in Washington and argued that such violence should persuade the blacks to remain loyal to the Republican Party. Bentley had also been promoting the education of African and Creole American children and spent time registering African/Creole Americans to vote. Shortly after the article appeared, Bentley was assaulted and severely beaten by three white men while he taught his class. After the assault, Bentley fled town and headed back north.
Due to his mysterious absence, reports circulated that Bentley had been killed for his news article. Several local armed African Americans banded together to retaliate and marched toward Opelousas. Some retreated from the march after being informed that Bentley had not been murdered. The armed blacks were met by armed whites determined to defend their town, many of whom had been rallied by The Knights of the White Camellia. Due to local laws restricting gun ownership from blacks, the white Democrats had the overwhelming advantage in weapons, as well as in numbers. Shooting occurred by both sides and twenty-nine black prisoners were captured. On September 29, all of the captured prisoners, with the exception of two men, were taken from the prison and executed, including twelve leaders of the Black Republicans.
These events sparked anti-black violence that continued for weeks. The death toll of the massacre resulted in some controversy. Three white Radical Republicans and two Democrats were killed in the initial assault. Republicans stated that around 200-300 blacks were killed whereas the Democrats denied this claim as fraudulent and stated that only 25-30 were killed. Many historians today have concluded that the Republicans' estimate was more accurate. It was also reported that 30-50 whites were killed.
The Freedmen's Bureau ordered Lieutenant Lee to investigate the atmosphere of Opelousas. In an article written on October 8, Lee described the cause of the riot and the death count, stating that only five blacks had been killed, while expressing his opinion that the death toll would increase due to blacks being unwilling to surrender their arms to whites. Ultimately, he believed that peace had been restored overall and stated, "no further trouble is apprehended."
Atmosphere of the time
The end of the Civil War resulted in widespread violence in the South due to racial and political tensions. A majority of newly freed African Americans strongly supported the Republican Party, angering prominent southern Democrats. The inability to accept racial equality led to the growth of white supremacist groups, the most noteworthy being the Ku Klux Klan. White radicals sought to silence African Americans and those who supported them through various scare tactics and physical violence, such was the case at Opelousas.
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Coordinates: 30°31′37″N 92°05′10″W / 30.527°N 92.086°W