Norwegian Red

Norwegian Red cattle

A Norwegian Red cow, daughter of NRF-sire 10579 Eggtroen
Other names	Norsk rødt fe (NRF) Norsk raudt fe (NRF)
Country of origin	Norway
Distribution	More than 20 countries including USA, Italy, UK, Be-Ne-Lux, and Poland
Use	Dual Purpose Dairy/Beef
Traits
Weight	Male:  1300 kg
	Female:  600 kg
Height	Male: ca. 145 cm;
	Female: ca. 137 cm;
Coat	Red and white, black and white;
Horn status	Polled and horned;
Cattle Bos primigenius

Norwegian Red (Norwegian: Norsk rødt fe) is a breed of dairy cattle developed in Norway since 1935. Since the 1970s, breeders strongly emphasized functional and production traits resulting in excellent production combined with world-leading performance in health and fertility traits. Norwegian Red cows can have either a red and white or black coat^[1] and have a high proportion of genetically polled animals.

Purpose and History

Norwegian Red (NRF) is a dairy breed that has been selected for a broad breeding objective, with increasing emphasis on functional traits like health and fertility.^[2] Norwegian Red was in 1935 through crosses of dairy breeds with several Scandinavian breeds, including the Norwegian Red-and-White, Red Trondheim and the Red Polled Østland.^[3] By the mid 1970s it became the dominant breed in its native country, comprising 98% of the cattle population.^[1] Semen is frequently also exported to North America for crossbreeding with Holstein cattle in the U.S. dairy industry. Geno Breeding and A.I. Association, a cooperative organization owned by Norwegian dairy farmers, is the breeding organization for the Norwegian Red.^[4]

Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System

Owners of Norwegian Red cattle in Norway participate in a comprehensive registry system called the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System.^[2] Norwegian farmers have been recording data in the comprehensive recording system over the last 50 years. This system collects all of the information about each cow in Figure 1.

Characteristics

Norwegian Red cow with black and white coat. Daughter of NRF-sire 10624 Ruud

Size and Weight

Production in the best herds exceeds 10,000 kilograms (22,000 lb), with the top cows milking more than 16,000 kilograms (35,000 lb). Growth traits are also included in the index, and young sires for progeny testing have a growth rate of approximately 1.4 kg/day. Fully-grown cows and bulls have a live weight of up to 600 kilograms (1,300 lb) and 1,300 kilograms (2,900 lb) respectively.^[5]

Norwegian Red cows have an average height of 137 centimetres (4.49 ft) at the point of withers. The average height for bulls varies greatly, but the average is around 145 centimetres (4.76 ft) tall at the point of withers.

Fertility and Health

Fertility was first included in the Norwegian Red breeding program in 1971.^[2] The Norwegian Red is likely the most fertile breed of dairy cattle in the world due to the selection of breeding and genetics for increase fertility for more than 40 years.^[2]

Calving ease has been included in the selection program since 1978.^[2] The Norwegian Red is characterized as a breed with a low frequency of calving difficulties. Less than 2% of the calvings are reported as having major calving difficulties. Stillbirths are also included in the index, and less than 3% of Norwegian Red calves are stillborn.^[5]

Horned Norwegian Red cow

Health traits have been included in the net merit index since 1978.^[2] Currently mastitis and other diseases (in particular ketosis, milk fever, and retained placenta) are included in the breeding program. Although these are low heritability traits, progeny testing based on a high number of daughters provides a selection index with high accuracy. Progeny testing for mastitis is currently based on approximately 300 daughters.

Polled

Norwegian Reds may be either polled or horned. Currently 40% of the calves in Norway are born polled (genetically without horns).^[6] Systematic selection of polled sons after polled elite sires during recent years have increased the frequency of polled animals.

Genetics

Polled Norwegian Red bull “Samson”

Total Merit Index (TMI)

Norwegian Red bulls are ranked based on the Total Merit Index (TMI). The Norwegian Red TMI is based on 11 traits that are weighted. The TMI is adjusted based on the decision of the board of Geno Breeding and A.I. Association, which is composed of 41 representatives who gather input from farmers and people involved in the dairy cattle industry of Norway.^[7]

The most recent update of the TMI became effective on June 1, 2015. This update placed slightly more emphasis on udder conformation and resistance to diseases other than mastitis. There will still be a large emphasis placed on fertility and health.^[8]

Geno Group

Geno SA is the breeding association of the Norwegian Red Cattle. Norsk Rødt Fe (NRF), established in 1935, changed its name to Geno in 1999. Since then, Geno has continued to grow and has expanded to international markets. Geno Global AS was established in 2003 to handle the expansion. Companies that are included in the Geno Group include Geno Genetics UK Ltd. (Geno-UK), Geno Italy Srl., Geno Turkey, Xsires, SpermVital AS, and Cryogenetics AS.^[4]

Evidence of Crossbreeding with Norwegian Red

Norwegian Red used for dairy crossbreeding in Ireland

Because the Norwegian Red breed has been bred over the last 50 years to increase lowly heritable traits such as health and fertility, the Norwegian Red is a very suitable breed to crossbreed other cattle breeds with. Various studies and published articles show that when other dairy cattle breeds, particularly Holsteins, are crossed with Norwegian Reds, the offspring will have superior fertility, mastitis resistance, calving ease and survival rates.

University of Minnesota, Department of Animal Sciences

Short communication: Fertility, somatic cell score, and production of Normande x Holstein, Montbéliarde x Holstein, and Scandinavian Red x Holstein crossbreeds versus pure Holsteins during their first 5 lactations^[9]

Abbreviated Summary: Scandinavian Red x Holstein crossbred animals had fewer days to first breeding, enhanced first-service conception rates, higher pregnancy rates, and 12 to 26 fewer days open than did pure Holstein cows during their first 5 lactations. Therefore, the Scandinavian Red is a candidate breed for crossbreeding with Holstein to improve fertility and udder health of herds with higher mean production.^[9]

University of Guelph, Department of Animal and Poultry Science

Crossbreeding Results in Canadian Dairy Cattle for Production, Reproduction and Conformation^[10]

Abbreviated Summary: Crossbred cows were significantly below Holstein sired cows for 305-d EBV for milk yield, but were above Holstein for fat and protein yields. Crossbred cows and heifers became pregnant sooner after each calving, had higher non-return rates, fewer services, and shorter gestation lengths than purebred Holsteins. Crossbred heifers and cows had lower stillbirth rates due to having smaller calves and slightly better calving ease.^[10]

Dairy Production Research Centre, Moorepark, Ireland

Differences in udder health and immune response traits of Holstein-Friesians, Norwegian Reds, and their crosses in second lactation^[11]

Abbreviated Summary: The objective of this study was to investigate potential differences in udder health and immune response traits among Holstein-Friesian (HF), Norwegian Red (NR), and NR x HF (NRX) cows on 30 commercial Irish dairy farms. Results highlight the superiority of the NR with regard to udder health and suggest that improvements to udder health may result from crossbreeding with the NR.^[11]

Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, United Kingdom

Calving traits, milk production, body condition, fertility, and survival of Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian Red dairy cattle on commercial dairy farms over 5 lactations^[12]

Abbreviated Summary: The objective of this summary was to compare calving traits, BCS, milk production, fertility, and survival of Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Norwegian Red (NR) dairy cattle in moderate-concentrate input systems. Norwegian Red cows had a lower calving difficulty score than HF cows when calving for the first and second time, but not for the third or fourth time. At first calving, the incidence of stillbirths for NR cows was 4% compared with 13% for HF cows. Holstein-Friesian cows had a higher full-lactation milk yield than NR cows, whereas NR cows produced milk with a higher milk fat and protein content. Norwegian Red cows had a lower somatic cell score than HF cows during all lactations. Conception rates to first artificial insemination were higher with the NR cows during lactations 1 to 4 (57.8 vs 40.9%, respectively), with 28.5% of HF cows and 11.8% of NR cows culled as infertile before lactation 6. In general, NR cows outperformed HF cows in traits that have been historically included in the NR breeding program.^[12]

See also

• Animals portal

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norsk rødt fe.

• Geno
• Geno Global
• Geno-UK
• Geno Italy
• Xsires
• Performance and Profitability of F1 Norwegian Red X Holstein Cattle As Compared with Pure Holsteins on Commercial Dairy Farms, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Composite Dairy Cattle Registry, USA
• Short communication: Fertility, somatic cell score, and production of Normande × Holstein, Montbéliarde × Holstein, and Scandinavian Red × Holstein crossbreds versus pure Holsteins during their first 5 lactations
• Crossbreeding Results in Canadian Dairy Cattle for Production, Reproduction and Conformation
• Differences in udder health and immune response traits of Holstein-Friesians, Norwegian Reds, and their crosses in second lactation
• Calving traits, milk production, body condition, fertility, and survival of Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian Red dairy cattle on commercial dairy farms over 5 lactations