National Bank of Cambodia

National Bank of Cambodia
ធនាគារជាតិនៃកម្ពុជា
Banque Nationale du Cambodge
Headquarters
Headquarters	Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Established	23 December 1954
Governor	Chea Chanto
Central bank of	Cambodia
Currency	Riel

The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) (Khmer: ធនាគារជាតិនៃកម្ពុជា), located in Phnom Penh, is the central bank of Cambodia. The bank's duties include, inter alia, the management of monetary and exchange policies, the regulation of banks and financial institutions, and the control of the national currency, the riel.^[1] The bank was established in 1954^[2] after the Indochina Printing Institution closed ^[3] when Cambodia obtained its independence from France. The National Bank of Cambodia is also known as the "Red Bank" or "Banque Rouge".^[4]

It is an autonomous central bank with a 7-member board of directors responsible for establishing operational policies and issuing decisions, regulations, circulars and other directives.^[5] The National Bank of Cambodia supervises the banking system and is the chief banker for the government of Cambodia. The bank has four organizational areas, namely: the General Cashier, the General Directorate, the General Secretariat, and the General Inspection. As of 2013 Chea Chanto is the chairman of the board of directors and the Governor of the Bank.^[6]

History

The National Bank of Cambodia was established in December 23, 1954 after the Indochina Printing Institution (French: Indochine impression Institution) was shut down when the country gained independence from the French.

The National Bank of Cambodia printed its own national currency of Riel in order to completely terminate the monetary alliance with the Vietnamese and Laos currency. Meanwhile, there was the establishing of local banking system in which the state banks and private banks operated together in the territory of Cambodia.

In 1964, in order to follow the national building policy of the Sangkum Reastre Niyum, the banking system had been gradually reformed to meet the national economy's requirement by transforming the National Bank of Cambodia from the semi-autonomous institution to the state-owned bank under the form of the public entity with characteristics of industry and commerce, while the national and foreign private banks were closed, and the state established some state-owned banks such as Bank of Inadanajati, Development Bank, and the Rural Agricultural Bank.

The National Bank of Cambodia in Phnom Penh was demolished with explosives in 1975 by the new Khmer Rouge government as a symbol of their rejection of capitalism. Photograph by Ben Kiernan, 1980.

Unfortunately, on April 17, 1975, the National Bank of Cambodia was closed, the banking system was totally destroyed, the National Bank of Cambodia building was ruined, and the Riel banknotes were no longer used.

Until October 10, 1979, the People's Bank of Cambodia called "Bank of Cambodia¨ was re-established as a Central Bank of the Country by sub-decree No 1211 dated October 10, 1979 of the Council of the Revolutionary People of Cambodia.

With an effort in overcoming the obstacles by the banking system founders of which H.E Chea Chanto, Senior Minister and General Governor of the National Bank of Cambodia, was also an initial founder of the National Bank of Cambodia. At that time, the People's Bank of Cambodia has been rehabilitated from the Zero, because we had no financial resources, no inheritance or something left such as documents, experience or human resources. The intellectuals were killed, scattered, mentally frightful in working since they feared that there could be a return of the Pol Pot regime. However, the life in a situation of weak health of the people with hardly any decent clothes to wear, in a nervous state of mind and separated from their family members, but through hardly work together every day and night, facing insecurity everywhere, and got technical assistance from allied countries, the bank that can be currently seen was built.

Due to the ruined Red Bank, temporary head office of the People's Bank of Kampuchea was opened on the upper floor of the Khmer Bank for commerce. The people's Bank of Kampuchea set up the leadership structure as well as the operational activities. Furthermore, the bank extended to 20-provincial and municipal network in the whole country. The People's Bank of Kampuchea re-issued the Riel banknotes on March 20, 1980 in order to facilitate the goods exchange for daily living of the people and for payment of civil servant's salaries. During the 1980s, the banking system had only mono-banking system i.e. the People's Bank of Kampuchea had functions as follows:

- The monetary authority

- The cashier of the Government in the form of the National Treasury, and

- The provider of banking services including credit, deposits and payment system.

As for ruined National Bank of Cambodia building was removed and rebuilt in 1990.

Since 1989, the banking system had been gradually reformed through transforming the 20-provincial and municipal banks into specialized provincial and municipal banks and had been operating with economic and financial autonomy in their territory, the People's Bank of Kampuchea had played its role as monetary authority to direct and supervise these banks. In 1991, the first Commercial Bank (Cambodia Commercial Bank "CCB") was established under the form of state Joint Venture Bank for attracting investors and serving the activity of the United Nations Transitional Authorities in Cambodia (UNTAC).

In January 30, 1992, in the 22nd ordinary session, the 1st legislature, the National Assembly of the State of Cambodia adopted the Law on the Change of Organization's name and duty of the Bank of Cambodia from the People's Bank of Kampuchea to the National Bank of Cambodia, which was promulgated by the council of state in February 8, 1992.

The Paris Peace Accord on 23 October 1991 was a political detour of the transforming the economic regime from planning economy to free market economy that made the Cambodia's banking system transformed from the mono-banking system to the 2-tier banking system. Furthermore, the state had completely authorized the banking activities to be operated in Cambodia through establishing the commercial banks under the local laws or under the form of foreign bank's branches. These required the National Bank of Cambodia to more strengthen its role in improving its management capacity to direct and supervise through having continuously made some Laws and Prakas such as:

(1) Law on the Organization and Conduction of the National Bank of Cambodia adopted by National assembly on January 26, 1996. This law specified that the principal mission of the National Bank of Cambodia is to "determine and direct the monetary policy aimed at maintaining price stability".

(2) The Law on Foreign Exchange adopted by National Assembly on August 22, 1997.

(3) The Law on Banking and Financial Institutions adopted by National Assembly on November 18, 1999.

Finally, the National Bank of Cambodia compiled and prepared the Financial Sector Blueprint for 2001-2010 that was the document of Financial Sector Development Strategy in Cambodia for its advance with the public confidence and could be integrated into the global financial system.

As a Central Bank, in order to raise its influence and prestige that deserved as the supervisory authority of the banking sector, the National Bank of Cambodia building was renovated in 2003.

In summary, the brief history of the National Bank of Cambodia was divided into three stages:

(i) from 1954 to 1975 in which National Bank of Cambodia gained independence in doing operation, autonomy of printing Riel as the national currency as well as to self-managed banking system in Cambodia territory.

(ii) from 1975 to 1979: was the era in which the National Bank of Cambodia was closed and the whole banking system was totally destroyed.

(iii) from 1979 to nowadays: was the period in which the National Bank of Cambodia survived again and has gradually strengthened as long as to gain a proud recognition from the international community.

The National Bank of Cambodia was publicly called "Red Bank" or "Banque Rouge", because this term was short and easy for public to say and the term "Red Bank" represented the bravery in overcoming difficulties and the patriotism of National Bank of Cambodia.

Although the National Bank of Cambodia passed over three stages among which the banking system was entirely destroyed, the National Bank of Cambodia remained its body and raised the flag "Red Bank" that has achieved a good result and contributed to make economy stability in the context of macroeconomic as well as in the context of monetary policy framework.

General functions and duties

The National Bank of Cambodia shall have the following functions and duties:

1. To determine monetary policy objectives, in consultation with the Royal Government and consideration of the framework of the economic and financial policy of the Kingdom;

2. To formulate, implement and monitor monetary and exchange policies aimed at the determined objectives;

3. To conduct regular economic and monetary analysis, make public the results, and submit proposals and measures to the Royal Government;

4. To license, delicense, regulate and supervise banks and financial institutions and other relevant establishments such as auditors and liquidators;

5. To oversee payments systems in the Kingdom, and to enhance interbank payments;

6. To act as the sole issuer of national currency of the Kingdom ;

7. To undertake and perform, in the name of the Kingdom, transactions resulting from the participation of the Kingdom in public international institutions in the banking, credit, and monetary spheres ;

8. To establish the balance of payments ;

9. To participate in the management of external debt and claims ;

10. To participate in the formation and supervision of the money and financial markets ;

11. To license, delicense, regulate and supervise all those operating in the securities and foreign exchange markets, the market for precious stones and precious metals ;

12. To set interest rates.

Branches

Phnom Penh
21 branches in the country ^[7]

References

↑ Duties & functions, NBC
↑ Bank History (Lịch sử)
↑ National Bank of Cambodia-Brief History, http://www.nbc.org.kh/english/about_the_bank/history_of_nbc.php
↑ National Bank of Cambodia official site
↑ National Bank of Cambodia
↑ Board of Directors of National Bank of Cambodia
↑ Map of Branches for the Bank

Central banks

Global

Global	Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board

By continent

Africa	Bank of Central African States Central Bank of West African States Bank of Algeria National Bank of Angola Bank of Botswana Bank of the Republic of Burundi Bank of Cape Verde Central Bank of the Comoros Central Bank of the Congo Central Bank of Djibouti Central Bank of Egypt Bank of Eritrea National Bank of Ethiopia Central Bank of The Gambia Bank of Ghana Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea Central Bank of Kenya Central Bank of Lesotho Central Bank of Liberia Central Bank of Libya Central Bank of Madagascar Reserve Bank of Malawi Central Bank of Mauritania Bank of Mauritius Bank Al-Maghrib (Morocco) Bank of Mozambique Bank of Namibia Central Bank of Nigeria National Bank of Rwanda Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe Central Bank of Seychelles Bank of Sierra Leone Central Bank of Somalia Bank of Somaliland South African Reserve Bank Bank of South Sudan Central Bank of Sudan Central Bank of Swaziland Bank of Tanzania Central Bank of Tunisia Bank of Uganda Bank of Zambia Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe

Americas	Central Bank of Argentina Central Bank of Aruba Central Bank of The Bahamas Central Bank of Barbados Bermuda Monetary Authority Central Bank of Brazil Bank of Canada Central Bank of Chile Bank of the Republic (Colombia) Central Bank of Cuba Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Cayman Islands Monetary Authority Central Bank of Ecuador Bank of Guatemala Bank of the Republic of Haiti Central Bank of Honduras Bank of Jamaica Bank of Mexico Central Bank of Nicaragua Central Reserve Bank of Peru Central Bank of Suriname Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Federal Reserve System (United States) Central Bank of the Uruguay Central Bank of Venezuela

Asia	Da Afghanistan Bank Central Bank of Bahrain Bangladesh Bank Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Brunei Currency and Monetary Board Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam National Bank of Cambodia People's Bank of China Hong Kong Monetary Authority Reserve Bank of India Bank Indonesia Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran Central Bank of Iraq Bank of Israel Bank of Japan Central Bank of Jordan National Bank of Kazakhstan National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic Bank of Korea Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Central Bank of Kuwait Banque du Liban Monetary Authority of Macao Bank Negara Malaysia Maldives Monetary Authority Bank of Mongolia Central Bank of Myanmar Nepal Rastra Bank Central Bank of Oman State Bank of Pakistan Palestine Monetary Authority Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Qatar Central Bank Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority Monetary Authority of Singapore Central Bank of Sri Lanka Central Bank of Syria Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Bank of Thailand Central Bank of Turkmenistan Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates Central Bank of Uzbekistan State Bank of Vietnam Central Bank of Yemen

Europe	European Central Bank (Eurosystem) National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia Bank of Albania Central Bank of Armenia National Bank of Austria Central Bank of Azerbaijan National Bank of the Republic of Belarus National Bank of Belgium Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgarian National Bank Croatian National Bank Central Bank of Cyprus Czech National Bank Danmarks Nationalbank (Denmark) Deutsche Bundesbank (Germany) Bank of England Bank of Estonia Bank of Finland Banque de France National Bank of Georgia Bank of Greece Hungarian National Bank Central Bank of Iceland Central Bank of Ireland Banca d'Italia Central Bank of Kosovo Bank of Latvia Bank of Lithuania Central Bank of Luxembourg National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia Central Bank of Malta National Bank of Moldova Central Bank of Montenegro De Nederlandsche Bank Norges Bank Central Bank of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus National Bank of Poland Banco de Portugal National Bank of Romania Central Bank of Russia National Bank of Serbia National Bank of Slovakia Bank of Slovenia Gosbank (Soviet Union) Bank of Spain Swedish National Bank Swiss National Bank Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey National Bank of Ukraine

Oceania	Reserve Bank of Australia Reserve Bank of Fiji Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bank of Papua New Guinea Central Bank of Samoa Central Bank of Solomon Islands National Reserve Bank of Tonga Reserve Bank of Vanuatu

Policies and implementation

Policies	Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4

Implementation	Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund

Bretton Woods system

International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

Lists

List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America

Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, former countries, or states with limited recognition

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National Bank of Cambodia

History

General functions and duties

Branches

See also

References