Murine norovirus
| Norwalk virus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group IV ((+)ssRNA) |
| Family: | Caliciviridae |
| Genus: | Norovirus |
| Species: | Murine norovirus |
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a species of norovirus affecting mice. It was first identified in 2003.[1] Until the 2014 discovery that human norovirus could be cultured in B cells, MNV was the only norovirus it was possible to grow in the laboratory using cell culture techniques.[2]
Like all noroviruses, MNV has a linear, non-segmented,[3] positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kbp, encoding a large polyprotein which is cleaved into six smaller non-structural proteins (NS1/2 to NS7)[4] by the viral 3C-like protease (NS6), a major structural protein (VP1) of about 58~60 kDa and a minor capsid protein (VP2).[5] In addition to these proteins, MNV is unique amongst the noroviruses in possessing an additional fourth open reading frame overlapping the VP1 coding sequence. This additional reading frame encodes a virulence factor (VF1) which regulates the innate immune response.[6] The 3'UTR of the viral genome forms stem-loop structures which have a role in virulence.[7]
References
- ↑ Karst, Stephanie M.; Wobus, Christiane E.; Lay, Margarita; Davidson, John; Virgin, Herbert W. (2003-03-07). "STAT1-dependent innate immunity to a Norwalk-like virus". Science (New York, N.Y.). 299 (5612): 1575–1578. doi:10.1126/science.1077905. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12624267.
- ↑ Jones, Melissa K.; Watanabe, Makiko; Zhu, Shu; Graves, Christina L.; Keyes, Lisa R.; Grau, Katrina R.; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Mariam B.; Iovine, Nicole M.; Wobus, Christiane E. (2014-11-07). "Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells". Science (New York, N.Y.). 346 (6210): 755–759. doi:10.1126/science.1257147. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 4401463
. PMID 25378626. - ↑ "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ Thorne, Lucy G.; Goodfellow, Ian G. (2014-02-01). "Norovirus gene expression and replication". The Journal of General Virology. 95 (Pt 2): 278–291. doi:10.1099/vir.0.059634-0. ISSN 1465-2099. PMID 24243731.
- ↑ Clarke IN, Lambden PR (2000). "Organization and expression of calicivirus genes". J. Infect. Dis. 181 Suppl 2: S309–16. doi:10.1086/315575. PMID 10804143.
- ↑ McFadden, Nora; Bailey, Dalan; Carrara, Guia; Benson, Alicia; Chaudhry, Yasmin; Shortland, Amita; Heeney, Jonathan; Yarovinsky, Felix; Simmonds, Peter (2011-12-01). "Norovirus regulation of the innate immune response and apoptosis occurs via the product of the alternative open reading frame 4". PLoS Pathogens. 7 (12): e1002413. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002413. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 3234229. PMID 22174679.
- ↑ Bailey, D; Karakasiliotis, I; Vashist, S; Chung, LM; Rees, J; McFadden, N; Benson, A; Yarovinsky, F; Simmonds, P; Goodfellow, I (March 2010). "Functional analysis of RNA structures present at the 3' extremity of the murine norovirus genome: the variable polypyrimidine tract plays a role in viral virulence". Journal of Virology. 84 (6): 2859–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.02053-09. PMC 2826041. PMID 20053745.