Muhammad Kam Bakhsh

Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Shahzada of the Mughal Empire

A portrait of Prince Kam Baksh
King of Bijapur
Tenure 1707–1709
Born 6 March 1667
Delhi, Mughal dynasty, now India
Died 14 January 1709
Hyderabad
Burial 23 January 1709
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
Spouse Fakhr Jahan Khanam(d.1712)
Azarm Banu Begum(1668-1698)
Issue Umed Bakhsh(1689-1709)
Muhi-us-sunnat(1691-1731)
Firuz-mand(1695-1739)
Bariqullah(1696-1748)
millat(1700-1755)
Rahman(1709-1738)
azarm banu begum(1699-1748)
Full name
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
House Mughal dynasty
Father Aurangzeb
Mother Udaipuri Mahal

ShazadaMuhammad Kam Bakhsh (7 March 1667 – 14 January 1709) also known as Kam Bakhsh, was the fifth son of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb from his concubine Udaipuri Mahal. His sister Diwani Mahal Was a queen consort of Mughal Empire.

Personal life

Born on 7 March 1677 at Delhi, Kam Bakhsh was the fifth son of sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb through a Hindu concubine Udaipuri Mahal.[1] On 2 February 1681, he married Fakhr Jahan Khanam, the daughter of Barkhurdar Beg. Later that year, His second wife was Azarm Banu Begum, daughter of Muazzam Khan, whom he married on 14 March 1683.[2] His sons were Umaid Bakhsh, Muhammad Muhi-us-Sunnat Mirza (married to Fatima Begum, daughter of Prince Sulaiman Shikoh and granddaughter of Dara Shikoh), Muhammad Firuzmand Mirza, Bariqu'llah Mirza(married to Imperial princess Ruquaiya begum daughter of Aurangzeb and zeb un nisa) and Muhi ul-Millat Mirza(married to Royal princess sur begum daughter of Aurangzeb). He had also a daughter, Hayat-un-Nisa Begumwho was married to Muhammad Karim who was the son of Azim-us-Shan.[2]

King of Bijapur

Civil war in court

After Aurangzeb's death, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Bijapur in March 1707 with his soldiers. When the news of his death spread through the city, the king Sayyid Niyaz Khan surrendered the fort to him. Upon ascending the throne, he made Ahsan Khan the bakshi or the chief general with the post of chief minister going to Taqarrub Khan.[3] He also gave himself the title of Padshah Kam Bakhsh-i-Dinpanah (Emperor Kam Bakhsh, Protector of Faith). He went on to conquer Gulbarga and Wakinkhera.[4]

In the meantime, a conflict arose among Taqarrub Khan and Ahsan Khan. Ahsan Khan had created a market place in Bijapur where he took the decision of not levying tax on shops, without taking the permission of Kam Bakhsh. Taqarrub Khan reported it to him, who ordered this practise to be stopped.[4] In May of the same year, Ahsan Khan was sent by Kam Bakhsh to conquer the states of Golconda and Hyderabad. The king of Golconda refused to surrender but the subahdar of Hyderabad, Rustam Dil Khan agreed to give his province to him.[5]

Envious of the progress of Ahsan Khan, Taqarrub Khan decided to suppress him. He joined hands with Sayyid Ahmed for the cause. He purposely misinterpreted the private meetings of Ahsan Khan, Saif Khan (the archery teacher of Kam Bakhsh), Arsan Khan, Ahmad Khan and Nasir Khan along with Rustam Dil Khan to discuss public business as finding a way to kill Kam Bakhsh. Taqarrub Khan said him that they would assassinate him "while on his way to the Friday prayer at the great mosque".[6] He called Rustam Dil Khan for dinner, and while he came, the royal soldiers arrested him, and he was killed by crushing him under the feet of an elephant. Saif Khan's hands were amputated and Arshad Khan's tongue was cut off as punishment.[7] In spite of his close mates warning him of Kam Bakhsh arresting him, Ahsan Khan paid no heed to it. But he was also put in custody and his goods were confiscated.[7] In April 1708, Shah's envoy, Maktabar Khan came to his court. Taqarrub Khan said to him that his original intention was to dethrone him.[8] So Kam Bakhsh, called him and his entourage in a feast, where he asked his men to execute them.[9]

Bahadur Shah marches to South

After ascending the throne by defeating Muhammad Azam Shah at the battle of Jajau in 1707, Bahadur Shah I ascended the throne. In May 1708, Shah wrote a letter to Kam Bakhsh informing him of the happenings. Shah I thought that this incident would "be a warning" to him, so that he could not declare himself an independent sovereign. In that same month, he started his journey for the Tomb of Aurangzeb to pay respect to the departed emperor.[9] In reply he wrote a letter thanking him "without either explaining or justifying it".[10]

When Shah reached Hyderabad on 28 June 1708, he received the news of Kam Bakhsh attacking Machhlibandar. Actually, there were thirty-two lakhs of treasure hidden in the fort which he wanted to seize for further campaigns. The subahdar of the province Jan Sipar Khan refused to hand over the money.[10] Enraged by the refusal, he confiscated the property and ordered that four thousand men to be recruited for the attack.[11] In the following month, the garrison of the Gulbarga fort revolted against him and declared themselves to be free. The leader of the garrison Daler Khan Bijapuri "reported his desertion from Kam Bakhsh". On 5 November 1708, Shah's camp reached Bidar which is 67 miles north from Hyderabad. Historian William Irvine writes that as his "camp drew nearer desertions from Kam Bakhsh became more and more frequent". On 1 November Kam Bakhsh captured Pam Naik's (the zamindar of Wakinkhera) belongings after he had left his army.[11]

Irvine writes that as more and more soldiers left his service as Shah's camp was coming nearer. When his general informed him that the non-payment of salary to his soldiers was responsible for the soldiers deserting him, he replied that: "What need have I of enlisting them? My trust is in God, and whatever is best will happen."[12]

Shah thought that in such a bankrupt condition, Kam Bakhsh might flee to Persia. On his orders, the Mughal prime minister Zulfikar Khan signed a pact with a certain Mr.Pitt, the governor of Madras that he would be paid two lakh rupees if he could capture Kam Bakhsh, in case he tries to flee. Records show that on 20 December, he had twenty five hundred cavalry and five thousand infantry.[12]

War against Bahadur Shah and death

On 20 December 1708, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts Hyderabad with "three hundred camels, twenty thousand rockets" for the war against Bahadur Shah I. Shah made his son Jahandar Shah the commander of the vanguard, but was replaced by Khan Zaman. On 12 January 1709, Shah finally reached Hyderabad and set up his tent training his troops. With little money and soldiers left, Kam Bakhsh was sure of his victory due to the foretelling of the royal astrologer who predicted that he would "miraculously" win the battle.[13]

On 13 January, Shah's army charged towards him. The troops were divided in two bodies – one was under the commandant of Mumin Khan and was assisted by Rafi-ush-Shan and Jahan Shah and the second under Zulfikar Khan. There were an estimation of fifteen thousand soldiers in Shah's army. After two hours from sunrise, the emperor's troops surrounded Kam Bakhsh's camp. Being impatient, Khan attacked him with his "small force".[14]

With his soldiers being outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh himself started shooting arrows at the enemy, finishing two quiverfuls of arrows. Irvine writes that when he was "weakened by loss of blood" the opposition surrounded him and took him and his son Bariqullah as prisoners. However a dispute rose among Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan about who had actually captured him. Rafi-us-Shan solved the matter by attributing it to the latter.[15]

He was taken by a palanquin to Shah's camp where he was made to rest on a bed. Shah went to his bedside and said "I had no desire to see you reduced to this state". Shah himself also washed the wounds from his body and replaced his blood stained clothes, besides forcing him to take "few spoonfuls of food". The next morning on 14 January 1708, Kam Bakhsh died.[16] After ten days, his body was sent to Delhi for burial, and was hence buried in Humayun's Tomb His eldest son died next day Others sons sent to The Emperor who's later became generals of Mughal Empire.

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Irvine, p. 2.
  2. 1 2 Irvine, p. 66.
  3. ↑ Irvine, p. 50.
  4. 1 2 Irvine, p. 51.
  5. ↑ Irvine, p. 52.
  6. ↑ Irvine, p. 53.
  7. 1 2 Irvine, p. 55.
  8. ↑ Irvine, p. 56.
  9. 1 2 Irvine, p. 57.
  10. 1 2 Irvine, p. 58.
  11. 1 2 Irvine, p. 59.
  12. 1 2 Irvine, p. 60.
  13. ↑ Irvine, p. 61.
  14. ↑ Irvine, p. 62.
  15. ↑ Irvine, p. 63.
  16. ↑ Irvine, p. 64.
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