Mater semper certa est

Mater semper certa est ("The mother is always certain") is a Roman-law principle which has the power of praesumptio iuris et de iure, meaning that no counter-evidence can be made against this principle (literally: Presumed there is no counter evidence and by the law). Its meaning is that the mother of the child is always known.^[1]

Since 1978, when the first child was conceived by the technique of in-vitro fertilization, the principle of Mater semper certa est no longer applies, since a child may have a genetic and a natural ("birth") mother who are different individuals. Since then some countries have converted the old natural law to an equivalent codified law - in 1997 Germany introduced paragraph 1571 Mutterschaft ("motherhood") of the BGB (civil code) reading Mutter eines Kindes ist die Frau, die es geboren hat ("the mother of a child is the woman who gave birth to it").

The Roman law principle however does not stop at the mother, in fact it continues with pater semper incertus est ("The father is always uncertain"). This was regulated by the law of pater est, quem nuptiae demonstrant ("the father is he to whom marriage points"). Essentially paternity fraud had originally been a marriage fraud in the civil code (in Germany the historic Ehelichkeitsanfechtungsklage ("action in dispute of legitimacy") was simply renamed as Vaterschaftsanfechtungsklage ("action in dispute of fatherhood") when legal paternity was redefined) due to this principle. Today some married fathers use the modern tools of DNA testing to ensure a certainty on their fatherhood.^[2]

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