Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira

His Eminence Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira
Cardinal, Patriarch of Lisbon
Cardinal Cerejeira in 1936
Archdiocese	Archdiocese of Lisbon
Appointed	1929
In office	5 August 1929 – 10 May 1971
Predecessor	António Mendes Belo
Successor	António Ribeiro
Orders
Created Cardinal	5 August 1929
Rank	Cardinal-patriarch
Personal details
Born	(1888-11-29)November 29, 1888 Lousado, Vila Nova de Famalicão
Died	August 2, 1977(1977-08-02) Buraca
Buried	Pantheon of the Patriarchs, Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon
Nationality	Portuguese
Denomination	Roman Catholic
Signature

Styles of Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal
See	Lisbon

Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, GCC (29 November 1888, Lousado, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal^[1] – 2 August 1977, Buraca, Amadora, Portugal^[2]) was a Portuguese cardinal who served as cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon from 1929 to 1971. He was the last surviving cardinal elevated by Pope Pius XI, and his cardinalate of forty-eight years was the longest since the fifty-eight-year cardinalate of Henry Benedict Mary Clement Stuart of York which lasted from 1747 to 1805. He took part in three conclaves: in 1939, 1958 and 1963. Although there were seven other cardinals elevated by Pius XI who participated in the 1963 conclave, Cerejeira was the longest-serving living cardinal from the death of Jozef-Ernest van Roey on 6 August 1961 until his own death almost exactly sixteen years later.

Family

Cerejeira was the eldest of three sons and four daughters of Avelino Gonçalves Cerejeira (1857^[3] – 1927), a merchant from Lugar da Serra, and his wife, Joaquina Gonçalves Rebelo (1864^[4] – 1918). His mother had resided at the Parish of Lousado since her childhood and became a country woman (i.e., a peasant woman) upon marriage. Manuel's younger brothers were Júlio (b. 1901), a medical doctor, Joaquim, a lawyer, and António, a university employee. One of his younger sisters was a nun and one was called Carolina.^[5]

Early life

He was educated at the seminary in Braga from a young age and became a priest in 1911. Following his ordination, he became a faculty member of the University of Coimbra, during which time he became a respected and revered intellectual and religious figure. He also met António de Oliveira Salazar and the two later became leading figures in the Centro Académico de Democracia Cristã (Academic Centre for Christian Democracy), which supported the Catholic Church's social doctrine.

Career

In 1928, Cerejeira became a bishop and was elevated to the patriarchate of Lisbon the following year, at the age of forty-one. He replaced António Mendes Belo, who had experienced two very different periods during his twenty-year cardinalate: a time of anti-church hostility in the first years of the Portuguese republic and a more church-friendly climate following the military coup of 1926. Cerejeira was appointed cardinal a month after his appointment as patriarch. In being elevated, he became the youngest cardinal since Rafael Merry del Val and has since held that title. The closest approach was made by António Ribeiro, his successor as Patriarch of Lisbon, who was made a cardinal in 1973, three months before his forty-fifth birthday.

During his extraordinarily long career as Portugal's leading Catholic churchman, Cerejeira often became associated with the authoritarian right-wing Estado Novo. This was the result of his friendship with Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who had been a university colleague of his at Coimbra, and his endorsement of many of the Estado Novo's policies. He signed the Concordat of 1940 between Portugal and the Catholic Church. However, although he was considered a conservative, he accepted the Vatican Council II reforms more readily than Salazar. He was criticized for not being more vocal on his support of the Bishop of Porto, António Ferreira Gomes, who was forced to a 10 years exile after having written a critical letter to the Portuguese dictator.

Notes and references