Mangue language
| Mangue | |
|---|---|
| Chorotega | |
| Native to | Honduras, Costa Rica and Nicaragua |
| Ethnicity | Mangue, Chorotega, Monimbo |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
|
Oto-Mangue
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
mom |
Linguist list |
mom |
| Glottolog |
moni1237[1] |
Mangue, also known as Chorotega,[2] is an extinct Oto-Manguean language indigenous to Honduras, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The ethnic population numbered around 10,000 in 1981.[3] Chorotega-speaking peoples included the Mangue and Monimbo; dialects were Chorotega proper, Diria, Nagrandan, Nicoya, Orisi, and Orotiña.
The Oto-Manguean languages are spoken mainly in Mexico and it is thought that the Mangue people moved south from Mexico together with the speakers of Subtiaba and Chiapanec well before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Americas.[4]
Some sources list "Choluteca" as an alternative name of the people and their language, and this has caused some (for example Terrence Kaufman 2001) to speculate that they were the original inhabitants of the city of Cholula, who were displaced with the arrival of Nahua people in central Mexico. The etymology for the nomenclature "Chorotega" in this case would come from the Nahuatl language where "Cholōltēcah" means "inhabitants of Cholula", or "people who have fled". The Region south of Honduras derives its name from this Nahuatl word, present day Choluteca, and Choluteca City. Choluteca was originally inhabited by Chorotega groups. Daniel Garrison Brinton argued that the name chorotega was a Nahuatl exonym meaning "people who fled" given after a defeat by Nahuan forces that split the Chorotega-Mangue people into to groups. He argued that the better nomenclature was Mangue, derived from the group’s endonym mankeme meaning "lords".[2]
In Guaitil, Costa Rica, the Mangue have been absorbed into the Costa Rican culture, losing their language, but pottery techniques and styles have been preserved.[5][6]
Brinton[2] gives a list of Mangue words and phrases some of which are:
The Verb "to be,"
- I am, cejo.
- Thou are, simuh.
- He is, neje sumu.
- We are, cis mi muh.
Pronouns.
- saho.
- My, amba, mba.
- He, neje.
- She, neja.
Phrases.
- Koi murio, It is already dawn.
- Koi yujmi, It is already night.
- Koi prijpi, It is already growing dark.
- Susupusca? How are you?
- Ko' mi muya' i ku ? And you, how are you ?
- Camo cujmi umyaique, Nasi pujimo camo? There is nothing new; and you, how are you ?
- Gusapo, Take a seat
- Pami nyumuta, The food is good
- Ropia, Come here
- Uño I See I
- Mis upa'? Where are you going?
- Taspo, Yes.
- Tapame, Be good.
Brinton also compares the color terms of Mangue and Chiapanec:
- Mangue. Chiapanec.
- Black, nanzome. dujamä.
- White, nandirime. dilimä.
- Yellow, nandiume. nandikumä.
- Blue or Green nandipame ndipamä
- Red, arimbome. nduimä
And a number of Nicaraguan and Costa Rican placenames that come from the Mangue language:
- "Nindiria (from ninda, shore, dirn, hill), Nakutiri (from naktu, fire, dirn, hill), Monimbe (ntimbu, water, rain), Nandasinmo (nanda, brook), Mombonasi (nasi, woman), Aasaya, Managua, Namotiva, Norome, Diriamba, Nicoya, Oretina"
Notes
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Mangue". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 3 Daniel G. Brinton. 1886. Notes on the Mangue; An Extinct Dialect Formerly Spoken in Nicaragua Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol. 23, No. 122 (Apr., 1886), pp. 238-257
- ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mom
- ↑ Mariá Teresa Fernández de Miranda and Roberto J. Weitlaner. Sobre Algunas Relaciones de la Familia Mangue. Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 3, No. 7 (Oct., 1961), pp. 1-99
- ↑ Salguero, Miguel (2007) Caminos y veredas de Costa Rica: Pueblos y geografías EUNED, Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, Costa Rica, page 241, ISBN 978-9968-31-531-9
- ↑ Firestone, Matthew D.; Miranda, Carolina A. and Soriano, César G. (2010) Costa Rica (9th edition) Lonely Planet, Footscray, Victoria, Australia, page 276, ISBN 978-1-74179-474-8
References
- Kaufman, Terrence, (2001) Nawa linguistic prehistory, published at website of the Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project
- Fabre, Alain, (2005) Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: OTOMANGUE.
- McCallister, Rick. Mangue Chorotega, published on line in 2012 (80+ pages in PDF) (based on Quirós Rodríguez’s compilation with added toponyms, cultural terms, etc.)
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (Author). (1992). "The Languages of the Greater Nicoya". Costa Rican Languages Collection of Adolfo Constenla Umaña . The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: www.ailla.utexas.org. Media: text. Access: public. Resource: MUL010R001.