Manchester Town Hall

Manchester Town Hall
General information
Type Town hall
Architectural style Gothic Revival / High Victorian Gothic
Location Manchester, England
Address Town Hall
Albert Square
Manchester
M2 5DB
Construction started 1868
Completed 1877
Inaugurated 13 September 1877[1]
Cost £775,000[2] - £1,000,000[3] (£64,560,000 to 83,310,000 as of 2016[4])
Owner Manchester City Council
Height Clock tower - 280 feet (85 m)
Technical details
Floor count 6
Design and construction
Architect Alfred Waterhouse

Manchester Town Hall is a Victorian, Neo-gothic municipal building in Manchester, England. It is the ceremonial headquarters of Manchester City Council and houses a number of local government departments. The building faces Albert Square to the north, featuring the Albert Memorial and St Peter's Square to the south, home to The Cenotaph.

Designed by architect Alfred Waterhouse, the town hall was completed in 1877. The building contains offices and grand ceremonial rooms such as the Great Hall which is decorated with Ford Madox Brown's imposing Manchester Murals illustrating the history of the city. The entrance and Sculpture Hall contain busts and statues of influential figures including Dalton, Joule and Barbirolli. The exterior is dominated by the clock tower which rises to 280 feet (85 m) and houses Great Abel, the clock bell.

In 1938, a detached Town Hall Extension was completed and is connected by two covered bridges over Lloyd Street. The town hall, which was granted Grade I listed building status on 25 February 1952, is regarded as one of the finest interpretations of Gothic revival architecture in the world.

History

Old Town Hall

The original Manchester Town Hall

Manchester's original civic administration was housed in the Police Office in King Street. It was replaced by the first Town Hall, to accommodate the growing local government and its civic assembly rooms. The Town Hall, also located in King Street at the corner of Cross Street, was designed by Francis Goodwin and constructed during 1822–25, much of it by David Bellhouse. The building was designed with a screen of Ionic columns across a recessed centre, in a classicising manner strongly influenced by John Soane. The building was 134 feet long and 76 feet deep, the ground floor housed committee rooms and offices for the Chief Constable, Surveyor, Treasurer, other officers and clerks. The first floor held the Assembly Rooms. The building and land cost £39,587.[5]

As the size and wealth of the city grew, largely as a result of the textile industry, its administration outstripped the existing facilities, and a new building was proposed. The King Street building was subsequently occupied by a lending library and then Lloyds Bank. The facade was removed to Heaton Park in 1912, when a bank, 53 King Street was erected on the site.[6]

New town hall

Detail of façades by Alfred Waterhouse
Cross section drawing by Waterhouse

Planning for the new town hall began in 1863. Manchester Corporation demanded it be, 'equal if not superior, to any similar building in the country at any cost which may be reasonably required'.[7] The choice of location was influenced by a desire to provide a central, accessible, but relatively quiet site in a respectable district, close to Manchester's banks and municipal offices, next to a large open area, suitable for the display of a fine building.[8] After investigating suitable sites, including Piccadilly, an oddly shaped plot facing Albert Square was chosen.[9] The Albert Square frontage measures 323 feet (98 m), Lloyd Street is 350 feet (107 m), Princess Street the longest at 383 feet (117 m) and Cooper Street measures 94 feet (29 m). On this tight site, the corporation built a grand hall, a suite of reception rooms, quarters for the lord mayor, offices and a council chamber.[1]

The second stage of a competition to design the town hall which attracted 137 entries was judged by Thomas Leverton Donaldson, a classicist, and gothicist George Edmund Street. The eight finalists were Waterhouse, William Lee, Speakman & Charlesworth, Cuthbert Brodrick, Thomas Worthington, John Oldrid Scott, Thomas Henry Wyatt and Edward Salomons.[10] In terms of design and aesthetics, Waterhouse's proposal was placed fourth behind those of Speakman & Charlesworth, Oldrid Scott and Worthington[11] but his design was considered much superior for its architectural quality, layout and use of light and he was appointed architect on 1 April 1868.[12]

The foundation stone was laid on 26 October 1868 by the Lord Mayor, Robert Neill. Construction took nine years and used 14 million bricks.[13] Estimates for the cost of construction vary from £775,000[2] to around £1,000,000[3] translating to between £64,560,000 and £83,310,000 in 2016[4]. When Queen Victoria refused to attend, Manchester Town Hall was opened on 13 September 1877 by the mayor, Abel Heywood, who had championed the project.[14]

Town Hall Extension

The Town Hall Extension to the west of the Town Hall, designed by E. Vincent Harris and completed in 1934.

In 1927, a competition to design the Town Hall Extension was won by Emanuel Vincent Harris, the architect who also won a competition to design the city's Central Library.[15] Work began on the extension in 1934 and was completed by 1938. Charles Herbert Reilly, a contemporary architecture critic, thought the extension was 'dull' and 'drab'[16] while Nikolaus Pevsner considered it was Harris's best work. It is linked to the town hall by glazed pedestrian bridges at first-floor level.

21st century refurbishment

By late 2014, the Town Hall was being described as "being in urgent need of essential repair" and modernisation.[17] In a 2014 report, Manchester City Council highlighted the need to replace the building's heating and electrical systems, refurbish windows and high-level stonework and repair parts of the roofing. The cost of this work, including work on improving the adjoining square, are estimated to £2.2million.[18]

Architecture

The Town Hall in the early 20th century, its stonework blackened by air pollution.

The rapid growth and accompanying pollution in Victorian cities caused great problems for architects including denial of light, overcrowding, awkward sites, noise, accessibility and visibility of buildings, and air pollution. Provision for "the sufficiency of window light supplied throughout the building" was addressed by the use of architectural devices: suspended first floor rooms, made possible by the use of iron-framed construction, skylights, extra windows and dormers, "borrowed lights" for interior spaces and glazed white bricks in conjunction with mosaic marble paving in areas where the light was "less strong".[8][19] Clear glass was used in important rooms, with light-coloured tints for coloured glazing, as "the sky of Manchester does not favour the employment of deeply stained glass."[20]

The building exemplifies the Victorian Gothic revival style of architecture, using themes and elements from 13th-century Early English Gothic architecture. Gothic features most prominent in the Manchester Town Hall are low rib vault ceilings and tall arched windows. The choice of the Gothic was influenced by the wish for a spiritual acknowledgement of Manchester's late medieval heritage in the textile trade of the Hanseatic league and an affirmation of modernity in the fashionable neo-Gothic style favoured over the Neoclassical architecture of Liverpool.[21]

Despite its medieval styling, the building was designed to support the practical technologies of the 19th century. It had gas lighting, and a warm-air heating system, which provided fresh air drawn through ornamental stone air inlets below the windows and admitted behind the hot water pipes and 'coils' into the rooms. Warmed, fresh air was fed into the stairwells and through hollow shafts within the spiral staircases to ventilate the corridors.[8] Pipes supplying gas for lighting were ingeniously concealed underneath the banister rails of the spiral staircases.[1] Waterhouse designed the building structure to be fireproof, using a combination of concrete and wrought-iron beams.[22]

Exterior

The east façade from Mosley Street with Lutyen's relocated Cenotaph in the foreground.

In mid-19th century Manchester, many important Georgian buildings were blackened by atmospheric pollution. By the 1870s the local soft red Collyhurst sandstone was deemed to be unsuitable for public buildings, and tough Pennine sandstones were preferred.[20] The architectural competition entries were judged in part on their suitability for the "climate of the district", and sample stone types were investigated.[23] Waterhouse believed it was a matter of great difficulty to find a stone "proof against the evil influences of the peculiar climate of Manchester" but decided that Yorkshire-quarried Spinkwell stone would resist "the deleterious influences of Manchester atmosphere".[8] The interior decoration was chosen with a view to providing permanent colour and cleanable surfaces. Public corridors were faced with terracotta rather than plaster, and extensive use was made of stone vaulted ceilings, tiled dados and washable mosaic floors.[24]

Waterhouse's design used a Gothic style with limited carved decoration and a uniform colour, a departure from the high Victorian heaviness and colour used in contemporary Ruskinian Gothic buildings, and was criticised by some Manchester inhabitants for not being Gothic enough. The decision to spend large amounts of money on a building "when most of its architectural effect would be lost because ruined by soot and made nearly invisible by smoke" was criticised.[25] Waterhouse avoided using a polychrome scheme as seen in High Victorian Gothic buildings such as St Pancras railway station believing it to be impractical as Manchester's industrial atmosphere would quickly ruin the effect and decided a uniform stone exterior was the better solution.[26] Statues of notable figures in the city's history decorate its exterior, that of Agricola, founder of the Roman fort is over the main door and over its gable is a statue of St George. Statues of Thomas Grelley, first lord of the manor, Humphrey Chetham and Thomas de la Warre are among six at the corner of Albert Square and Princess Street.[27] Waterhouse's design proved successful and although its exterior was blackened by the late 1890s, the stonework was in a suitable condition to be cleaned and restored to its original appearance in the late 1960s.

Clock tower

View across the rooftops by night, from the North-west

The 280 feet (85 m) tall bell tower, the sixth tallest building in Manchester, houses a carillon of 23 bells: 12 are hung for full circle change ringing and were manufactured by John Taylor Bellfounders.[28] The clock bell, Great Abel, named after Abel Heywood, weighs 8 tons 2.5 cwt. Its clock, made by Gillett and Bland (predecessor of Gillett and Johnston), was originally wound using hydraulic power supplied by Manchester Hydraulic Power.[29] The clock bell first rang on New Year's Day 1879, but cracked,[30][31] was replaced in 1882, and then recast with all the bells in 1937.[32] Its clock face bears the inscription Teach us to number our Days, from Psalm 90:12. The clock bell is inscribed with the initials AH for Abel Heywood and the line Ring out the false, ring in the true from Tennyson's "Ring Out, Wild Bells".[33]

Interior

Waterhouse's plan for the town hall bridged the gap between office and ceremonial requirements and maximised space on its triangular site.[34] His design for a six-storey building filled the asymmetrical site.[35] Set around its perimeter is a cloister of corridors linking offices and everyday workings. Its grandiose, ceremonial features are centrally located. By the main entrance on Albert Square are two grand staircases leading to the landing outside its Great Hall. The stairs have low risers allowing access for women in Victorian dress. The walls of the staircases have tall, arched windows admitting daylight.[36] Three spiral staircases accessing the first floor from entrances on Princess Street, Lloyd Street and Cooper Street are constructed in English, Scottish and Irish granite.[37] The room measures 53 feet by 33 feet and has a groin vaulted ceiling, constructed out of Bath stone.[38]

Sculpture Hall

The ground-floor Sculpture Hall contains statues and busts of people who made significant contributions to Manchester, the Anti-Corn Law campaigners, Richard Cobden and John Bright,[39] and scientists John Dalton and James Joule among many others.[40] The Sculpture Hall Café is now located here.[41]

Great Hall

The landing has a glazed skylight on which the names of mayors, lord mayors and chairs of the council since Manchester received its Charter of Corporation in 1838 are inscribed on glass panes.[42] The landing has a mosaic floor with a pattern of bees and cotton flowers. Influential Victorian critic, John Ruskin, described the Great Hall as "The most truly magnificent Gothic apartment in Europe."[43]

The rectangular hall measures 100 feet (30 m) by 50 feet (15 m). Natural light permeates from seven high windows on either side of the hall from the courtyards outside. It has a wagon roof,[44] its ceiling divided into panels bearing the arms of countries and towns with which Manchester traded at the zenith of its mercantile power. The Manchester Murals by Ford Madox Brown, a sequence of 12 paintings depicting the history of Manchester decorate its walls.[45] They are not true frescoes but use the Gambier Parry process.[46]

The organ installed by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in 1877 stands 16 feet (5 m) tall and had more than 5,000 pipes, five manuals and 65 speaking stops. Cavaillé-Coll cleaned it and added the solo organ in 1893. In 1912, T.C. Lewis of Brixton rebuilt it and added the echo division. Jardine of Manchester's minor rebuild in 1970 added the mobile five-manual console.[47]

Reception

The town hall is a Grade I listed building,[48] One of fifteen Grade I listed buildings in Manchester, it is regarded as one of the finest interpretations of Gothic revival architecture in the world.[49]

F. A. Bruton wrote that "The Town Hall ... is best viewed when the Square is empty and silent, as, for example, on Saturday afternoon or Sunday, and it is then that we may realise what a splendid "ruin" it will make, to excite the wonder of the South Sea Islander of the future."[50]

Dan Cruickshank described it as "... arguably the greatest Gothic Revival public building anywhere in the world. It remains a glorious confection - functionally organised yet rich in inventive Gothic detail wrought out of beautiful and expensive materials."[51] James Stevens Curl described it as "a High-Victorian Gothic secular masterpiece that combines eclectic elements to form a style that can only be Victorian".[52] It was voted Greater Manchester's favourite building by readers of the Manchester Evening News in 2012[53] and in the same year featured in a series of Royal Mail stamps commemorating British landmarks.[54]

Current use

Council meetings are no longer regularly held in the town hall, but in the Town Hall Extension.[55] The hall now has a number of other uses. It is licensed for weddings and civil partnerships and is available to hire for conferences and other events.[56][57] Tours of the clock tower are available through external tour companies at a cost.[58]

As the town hall bears some resemblance to the Palace of Westminster, it has been used as a location for television and films. The 2003 BBC series State of Play was filmed here[59] as were the films Sherlock Holmes in 2008,[60] The Iron Lady in 2011[61] and Victor Frankenstein in 2014.[62]

In 2014, a 24-hour police station reopened in the town hall, after having been closed in 1937. Unlike the original, the new station does not include custody cells, but officers are able to conduct interviews there. Chief Superintendent Nick Adderley described the location as "perfectly placed in the hub of the city" and suitable to "serve the needs of the public 24 hours a day."[63]

Overnight on 23 June and into Friday 24 June 2016 the venue was used to announce the official result of the EU Referendum by the chair of the Electoral Commission acting as Chief Counting Officer (CSO) Jenny Watson.

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "History of Manchester Town Hall". manchester.gov.uk. Manchester City Council. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  2. 1 2 "Details of facades, Town Hall, Manchester". RIBA. Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Law and Government Buildings" (PDF). english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2011. pg. 10
  4. 1 2 UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
  5. ↑ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, p. 60
  6. ↑ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1969). South Lancashire: The Industrial and Commercial South. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-300-09615-1.
  7. ↑ Hartwell 2001, p. 71
  8. 1 2 3 4 Bowler 2000, p. 175.
  9. ↑ Hartwell 2001, p. 71
  10. ↑ "1881 – Designs for Manchester Town Hall Competition, Lancashire". Archiseek. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  11. ↑ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, p. 107
  12. ↑ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, p. 108
  13. ↑ Edensor, Tim; Drew, Ian, Building Stone in the City of Manchester, retrieved 4 February 2010
  14. ↑ Wyke & Cocks 2004, p. 24
  15. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (2004), "Harris, Emanuel Vincent (1876–1971)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 4 February 2010
  16. ↑ Hartwell 2001, pp. 85–86
  17. ↑ "Manchester town hall: refurbishment planned by council". BBC. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Manchester City Council: Report for Resolution (Report). Manchester City Council. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  19. ↑ Bowler 2000, pp. 177–9
  20. 1 2 Bowler 2000, p. 180
  21. ↑ "People's Palaces: The Building of Manchester Town Hall". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  22. ↑ Hartwell 2001, p. 72
  23. ↑ Bowler 2000, p. 181.
  24. ↑ Bowler 2000, p. 184
  25. ↑ Bowler 2000, p. 183.
  26. ↑ Hartwell 2001, p. 74
  27. ↑ Town Hall Guide, p. 5
  28. ↑ Bells, retrieved 5 February 2010
  29. ↑ Anon. "Hydraulic Pumping Engine". Museum of Science and Industry. MOSI. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  30. ↑ Town Hall Guide, p. 19
  31. ↑ Linton, Deborah (10 November 2011). "Perfect timing: Tours of historic Manchester town hall clock tower to begin". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  32. ↑ Carter, Helen (16 November 2011). "Manchester town hall opens clock tower to visitors with an eye for a view". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  33. ↑ Dove, R. H. (1982) A Bellringer's Guide to the Church Bells of Britain and Ringing Peals of the World, 6th ed. Guildford: Viggers; p. 71
  34. ↑ Anon. "Municipal Buildings: Details of facades, Town Hall, Manchester". RIBA How we built Britain. RIBA. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  35. ↑ "1876 – Manchester Town Hall, Lancashire". Archiseek. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  36. ↑ Foyle, Jonathan (19 September 2010), "People's Palaces: Manchester Town Hall's Gothic Interior", BBC, British Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved 31 December 2011
  37. ↑ Town Hall Guide, p. 9
  38. ↑ "A History of Manchester Town Hall". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  39. ↑ Town Hall Guide, p. 8
  40. ↑ Town Hall Guide, p. 7
  41. ↑ "The Sculpture Hall Café". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  42. ↑ "The Great Hall - History at the heart of the Town Hall". manchester.gov.uk. Manchester City Council. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  43. ↑ Rooth, Ben (15 February 2007). "My Passion: Manchester Town Hall". City Life. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  44. ↑ Hartwell 2001, p. 80
  45. ↑ Lucie-Smith, Edward; Cahill, James (2012). The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Visual Arts Research Series. 149. London, UK: CV Publications. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-908419-38-5. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  46. ↑ Treuherz, Julian (2011). Ford Madox Brown: Pre-Raphaelite Pioneer. London, UK: Philip Wilson Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-85667-700-7.
  47. ↑ "The Organ". Bombarde320.tripod.com. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  48. ↑ Historic England. "Town Hall, Manchester (1207469)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  49. ↑ Hartwell, Clare (2002). Pevsner - Manchester. Penguin Books. p. 84.
  50. ↑ Bruton, F. A. (1924) A Short History of Manchester and Salford. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes; p. 270
  51. ↑ "Top 10 British Treasures - Manchester Town Hall". Daily Mail. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  52. ↑ "Manchester Town Hall". Victorian Web. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  53. ↑ "M.E.N readers vote Manchester town hall region's favourite building". Manchester Evening News. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  54. ↑ "A first class portrait of Britain: From A to Z, stamps of landmarks that are worth writing home about". Daily Mail. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  55. ↑ "Council Meetings Information". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  56. ↑ "Conferincing and Events". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  57. ↑ "Weddings and Civil Partnerships Information". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "Tours". Manchester City Council. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  59. ↑ Abbott, Paul. Audio commentary on the DVD release of State of Play. BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD 1493.
  60. ↑ Bourke, Kevin (28 October 2012). "Diary: Guy about town". Manchester Evening News. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  61. ↑ Bourne, Dianne (13 February 2011). "Hollywood stars out on the town while working on new Margaret Thatcher film, The Iron Lady". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  62. ↑ "Manchester town hall and Northern Quarter transformed as Frankenstein starring Daniel Radcliffe and James McAvoy filming begins". Manchester Evening News. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  63. ↑ Williams, Jennifer (31 July 2014). "Police move back into town hall - 80 years after they left". Manchester EVening News. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

Bibliography

  • Bowler, Catherine; Brinblecombe, Peter (2000), "Environmental Pressures on Building Design and Manchester's John Rylands Library", Journal of Design and History, The Design History Society, 13 (3): 175–191 
  • Hartwell, Clare (2001), Manchester, Pevsner Architectural Guides, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-071131-8 
  • Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000), Manchester: An Architectural History, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5606-3 
  • Manchester Town Hall Guide, Willow Publishing, ISBN 0-946361-38-X 
  • Wyke, Terry; Cocks, Harry (2004), Public sculpture of Greater Manchester, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 978-0-85323-567-5 
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Coordinates: 53°28′45″N 2°14′39″W / 53.47917°N 2.24417°W / 53.47917; -2.24417

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