Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric

Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric
Founder Dositej
Independence 1967 from the Serbian Orthodox Church (unrecognized)[1]
Recognition
  • Autonomous and restored status recognized in 1959 by the Serbian Orthodox Church
  • Autocephaly not recognized[2][3]
Primate Stefan Veljanovski
Headquarters Skopje and Ohrid
Territory  Republic of Macedonia
Possessions  United States
 Canada
 Australia
 Croatia
 France
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 Slovenia
Language Church Slavonic and Macedonian
Members approx. 2,000,000+
Website mpc.org.mk/

The Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric (abbreviated: MOC-OA) or simply the Macedonian Orthodox Church (Macedonian: Македонска Православна Црква - Охридска Архиепископија; transliteration: Makedonska Pravoslavna Crkva - Ohridska Arhiepiskopija) is the body of Christians who are united under the Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia, exercising jurisdiction over Macedonian Orthodox Christians in the Republic of Macedonia and in exarchates in the Macedonian diaspora.

In 1959, the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church afforded autonomy to the Orthodox Church in the-then Socialist Republic of Macedonia as the restoration of the historic Archbishopric of Ohrid,[2] and it remained in canonical unity with the Serbian Church under their Patriarch. In 1967, on the bicentennial anniversary of the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, the Macedonian Church unilaterally announced its autocephaly and independence from the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian Holy Synod denounced the decision and condemned the clergy as schismatic.[4] Thenceforth, the Macedonian Church has remained unrecognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and all the other canonical Orthodox churches in defense of Serbian opposition.[2]

History

Origins

Main article: Ohrid Archbishopric
The Archbishopric of Ohrid circa 1020
Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Alexy I performing a joint ceremony with Macedonian Archbishop Dositheus II in Skopje, 1962

After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, Byzantine Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and by virtue of special imperial decrees set up its boundaries, dioceses, property and other privileges. The Archibishopric was seated in Ohrid in the Byzantine theme of Bulgaria and was established in AD 1019 by lowering the rank of the autocephalous Bulgarian Patriarchate and its subjugation to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[5][6] In 1767 the Archbishopric was abolished by the Ottoman authorities and annexed to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Efforts were made throughout the nineteenth and the first part of the twentieth centuries to restore the Archdiocese, and in 1874 it became part of the newly established Bulgarian Exarchate. The Christian population of the bishoprics of Skopje and Ohrid voted in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Exarchate, and the Bulgarian Exarchate became in control of most of the Macedonian region.

As Vardar Macedonia became part of Serbia after World War I, since 1918 and before World War II several of the Bulgarian Exarchate's dioceses were forcefully taken over by the Serbian Orthodox Church. While the region of Macedonia was occupied by Bulgaria during World War II, the local dioceses temporarily came again under the control of the Bulgarian Exarchate.

Struggle for autocephaly

Letter from Initiative board addressed to Presidium of ASNOM, asking to organize independent Macedonian orthodox church, February 1945

The first modern assembly of Macedonian clergy was held near Ohrid in 1943.[7] In 1944 an Initiative Board for the organization of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was officially formed.[2] In 1945, the First Clergy and People's Synod met and adopted a Resolution for the restoration of the Ohrid Archbishopric as a Macedonian Orthodox Church. It was submitted to the Serbian Orthodox Church, which since 1919 had been the sole church in Vardar Macedonia. The resolution was rejected, but a later one, submitted in 1958 at the Second Clergy and People's Synod, was accepted on June 17, 1959 by the Serbian Orthodox Church under pressure from the Socialist authorities. Dimitrija Stojkovski, a Macedonian, was appointed the first archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Macedonia under the name Dositheus II.[2] The Macedonian Orthodox Church at that time only held autonomous status.

After the Serbian Church agreed with the decisions, the agreement was celebrated in a common liturgy by the Macedonian priests and the Serbian Patriarch German II in Skopje, a sign that the Serbian church recognized the autonomy of the Macedonian Church. In 1962, Serbian Patriarch German II and Russian Patriarch Alexy visited the Macedonian republic.

At its third synod in 1967, on the bicentennial anniversary of the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, the Macedonian Church proclaimed its autocephaly (full administrative independence). The Serbian Church bishops denounced the decision and condemned the clergy as schismatic.[4] For all the subsequent efforts to gain recognition, the autocephaly of the Macedonian Church is not recognized by other canonical Orthodox churches in defense of Serbian opposition.[2]

Recent history

The Macedonian Orthodox Church has about 1200 churches in Macedonia organized in 10 eparchies, whose bishops make up the "Holy Synod of Bishops", headed by the "Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia". At its session in 1994, the Holy Synod stated that

“ "The autocephalous status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the interest of the Macedonian people and state are holy and inalienable values, which it has no intentions of ever giving up."[2] ”

After Archbishop Mihail was elected in as head of the Macedonian Orthodox Church in 1993, he stated that the church wanted to cooperate with neighboring Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbian churches. He hoped that:

“ we will find understanding after we give our true information about the restoration and autocephaly of the Ohrid Archbishopric and the activities of our dear Macedonian Orthodox Church... the Macedonians are an ancient nation, we are an ancient church, we did not create a church, we renewed our illegally abolished Ohrid Archbishopric.[8] ”

The church also pays special attention in preserving the national identity and cultural traditions among Macedonian expatriates in Western countries. Many Orthodox churches who are recognized with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople admit the faithful of the Macedonian Orthodox Church to holy communion. The hierarchy of some churches serve with the Macedonian Orthodox priests, but will not serve liturgically with the hierarchy.

Relations with the Serbian Orthodox Church

Macedonian Cross - one of the symbols of the church.

Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Serbian Patriarchate has sought to restore its control over the Macedonian Church.[8] The Macedonian church sees these efforts, supported by other Orthodox churches,[8] as closely connected to the Serbian government agenda. The main issue of dispute mainly revolves around the church's autocephaly, although there are some other minor issues including Macedonia's Serb Orthodox minority (according to the last census, there are 40,000 citizens of the country declared as Serbs) and the question of some hundreds of Serb Orthodox shrines from the medieval Nemanjić period.

The two Churches had negotiated the details of a compromise agreement reached in Niš, Serbia, in 2002, which would have given the ethnic Macedonians a de facto independent status just short of canonical autocephaly. The agreement was signed and agreed upon by three Bishops in the Macedonian Orthodox Church (Metropolitan Petar of Australia, Metropolitan Timotej of Debar and Kicevo; and Metropolitan Naum of Strumica). After political officials exerted pressure on the clergy of the MOC for accepting the agreement, the Bishops later reneged on the agreement, leaving only Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid from the Macedonian side in agreement. Suddenly the signed agreement was rejected by the Macedonian government and the Holy Synod of MOC. In turn, the Serbian Orthodox Church granted full autonomy to the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, its embattled branch in the Republic of Macedonia, in late May 2005 and appointed Jovan as its Archbishop.

The later chain of events turned into a vicious circle of mutual accusations and incidents involving SOC and, partly, the Serbian government on one side, and MOC, backed by the Macedonian government on the other. The Macedonian side regarded Jovan as a traitor and Serbian puppet. Jovan complained of a new state-backed media campaign against his Church. "They are creating an unstable, explosive atmosphere among the population and are virtually inviting people to lynch us," he told Forum 18 News Service.[9] The government has denied registration of his Church,[10] attacked its places of worship and launched a criminal case against him. He was arrested, removed from his bishopric and then expelled from the country. He returned in 2005 and, after attempting to perform a baptism, he was arrested, and sentenced to 18 months in prison[11] and jailed[12] with "extremely limited visitation rights".[13] On March 19, 2006, after spending 220 days in prison, archbishop Jovan was released.[14]

In turn, SOC denied a Macedonian delegation access to the monastery of Prohor Pčinjski, which was the usual site of Macedonian celebration of the national holiday of Ilinden (literally meaning St. Elijah Day) on August 2[15] and the site where the First Session of ASNOM was held. Macedonian border police often denied Serbian priests entry into the country in clerical garb.[16]

Despite public appeals from both churches for "Christian brotherhood and unity", both sides did little to settle the dispute.

On 12 November 2009 Macedonian Orthodox Church added to its name "Ohrid Archbishopric" as the coat of arms[17] and the flag are also changed.

Organization

Map of the eight diocese of Macedonia (2013-present)
Map of the seven diocese of Macedonia (1967-2013)

As of 1999, the Macedonian Orthodox Church is headed by Archbishop Stephen of Ohrid and Macedonia. He presides over the Holy Synod of Hierarchs of the church, consisting of 9 metropolitans and titular bishops.

Dioceses on the territory of Republic of Macedonia
  1. Diocese of Skopje, headed by Archbishop Stefan of Ohrid and Macedonia;
  2. Diocese of Tetovo and Gostivar, headed by Metropolitan Josif;
  3. Diocese of Kumanovo and Osogovo, headed by Metropolitan Josif;
  4. Diocese of Debar and Kičevo, headed by Metropolitan Timotej;
  5. Diocese of Prespa and Pelagonia, headed by Metropolitan Petar;
  6. Diocese of Strumica, headed by Metropolitan Naum;
  7. Diocese of Bregalnica, headed by Metropolitan Ilarion;
  8. Diocese of Povardarie, headed by Metropolitan Agatangel
Dioceses outside the Republic of Macedonia
  1. American-Canadian Diocese, headed by Metropolitan Metodij
  2. European Diocese, headed by Metropolitan Pimen
  3. Diocese of Australia and New Zealand, administered by Metropolitan Petar of Prespa and Pelagonia, headquarters in Melbourne.
Former Dioceses of MOC-OA
  1. Diocese of Polog and Kumanovo

Outside the country, the church is active in 3 dioceses in the diaspora. The 10 dioceses of the church are governed by ten Episcopes, with around 500 active priests in about 500 parishes with over 2000 churches and monasteries. The church claims jurisdiction of about twenty living monasteries, with more than 100 monks.

Church calendars follow the old Julian Calendar, and use the archaic names of the months of the year instead of the common Latin-derived names

According to the 2006 Australian census, a total of 48,085 people there reported that they are Macedonian Orthodox (53,249 in 2001),[18] out of a total of 67,833 who said they speak the Macedonian language at home.[19]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe". google.bg.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3. By Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley. p. 381
  3. ↑ Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric
  4. 1 2 "РУССКАЯ ПРАВОСЛАВНАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ XX ВЕК. 10 ОКТЯБРЯ". Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  5. ↑ Nevill Forbes; Arnold J. Toynbee; D. Mitrany; D. G. Hogarth (2004). The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Turkey. Digital Antiquaria. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-58057-314-2.
  6. ↑ Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 528. ISBN 1-58057-314-2.
  7. ↑ Macedonia and Greece: the struggle to define a new Balkan nation By John Shea, p. 174
  8. 1 2 3 Macedonia and Greece: the struggle to define a new Balkan nation. By John Shea. P. 174
  9. ↑ "Forum 18 Search/Archive". Forum18.org. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  10. ↑ "Forum 18 Search/Archive". Forum18.org. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  11. ↑ "IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting". Iwpr.net. 1980-12-25. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  12. ↑ "Christianity - Faith in God, Jesus Christ - Christian Living, Trivia". Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  13. ↑ "Southeast Europe Online". Southeasteurope.org. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  14. ↑ "Free Archbishop Jovan (John) VI » Archbishop kyr kyr Jovan (John) VI is released from prison". freearchbishop.com.
  15. ↑ "Press Online". Lobi.com.mk. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  16. ↑ "Eca 15". Hrw.org. 1999-10-31. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  17. ↑ "Македонската Православна Црква со нов грб - Македонско хералдичко здружение". heraldika.org.mk.
  18. ↑ "2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) The Census Campaign Australia". Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  19. ↑ 14 September 2014
  20. ↑ Д-р Славко Димевски, Митрополитот скопски Теодосиј - Живот и дејност - (1846-1926), Скопје 1965, 138.
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Coordinates: 41°59′54″N 21°25′37″E / 41.99833°N 21.42694°E / 41.99833; 21.42694

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