M1 mortar


U.S. Soldiers fire an M1 mortar at Massa in Italy during World War II
Type	Infantry mortar
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	United States
Wars	World War II, Korean War
Specifications
Weight	see general data
Length	3 ft 11 in (1.19 m)

Caliber	81 millimetres (3.2 in)
Rate of fire	18 rpm sustained 30-35 rpm maximum
Muzzle velocity	700 ft/s (210 m/s)
Effective firing range	3,300 yd (3,000 m)
Sights	M4

The M1 mortar is an American 81 millimeter caliber mortar. It was based on the French Brandt mortar. The M1 mortar was used from World War II until the 1950s when it was replaced by the lighter and longer ranged M29 mortar.

General data

Weight:

Tube 44.5 lb (20 kg)
Mount 46.5 lb (21 kg)
Base plate 45 lb (20 kg)
- Total 136 pounds (62 kg)

Ammunition

M43A1 Light HE: 6.87 lb (3.11 kg); range min 200 yd (183 m); range max 3290 yd (3010 m); 80% frag radius 25 yd (23 m) (compared favorably with the 75 mm howitzer). M53 Short Delay fuze (explode on surface).
M43A1 Light Training An empty version of the M43A1 Light HE with an inert fuze. It was used as a training shell until it was replaced by the M68 Training Practice shell.
M45 Heavy HE: 10.62 lb (4.82 kg); range max 2558 yd (2064 m); bursting radius comparable to the 105 mm howitzer. Equipped with a delay fuze so some penetration is possible for demolition use.
M56 Heavy HE: 15.01 lb (6.81 kg); range max 1300 yards (1200 m). Early shells used the M53 fuze, but it was replaced by the M77 Timed Super Quick (TSQ) fuze.
M57 WP (White Phosphorus) "Bursting Smoke": 10.74 lb (4.87 kg); range max 2470 yd (2260 m); designed to lay down screening smoke, but had definite anti-personnel and incendiary applications.
M57 FS (a solution of Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid) Chemical Smoke: 10.74 lb (4.87 kg), range max 2470 yd (2260 m); laid down dense white fog consisting of small droplets of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. In moderate concentrations, it is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, and skin.
M68 Training Practice: 9.50 lb to 10.10 lb. An inert teardrop-shaped cast iron shell without provision for a fuze well that was used to simulate the M43 Light HE shell. The casing on early models was painted black but post-World War 2 versions are painted blue. It came in 9 different weights (engraved on the shell) to allow it to simulate shell firing with and without booster charges. Weight Zone One (9.5 lbs.) simulated a shell with the maximum of 8 booster charges and Weight Zone Nine (10.10 lbs.) simulated the shell being fired without booster charges.
M301 Illuminating shell: range max 2200 yd (2012 m); attached to parachute; burned brightly (275,000 candelas) for about 60 seconds, illuminating an area of about 150 yards (137 m) diameter. It used the M84 time fuze, which was adjustable from 5 to 25 seconds before priming charge detonated, releasing the illuminator and chute.

Fuzes

The M1 Mortar's shells sometimes used the same fuzes as the shells for the M2 60mm Mortar. An adapter collar was added to the smaller fuzes to allow them to fit the larger shells.

M43 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork timed delay fuze. Models M43A5.
M45 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective fuze that could be set for time delay or super-quick (less than a second) detonation on impact. Replaced by the M52 and M53 fuzes.
M48 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition on impact. The factory pre-set delay time was stamped on the shell body. If the Super-Quick flash ignition failed, the Delay fuse kicked in. If set on Delay, the Super Quick flash igniter mechanism was immobilized to prevent premature ignition. Models: M48, M48A1, M48A2 (either 0.05 or 0.15 second Delay), & M48A3 (0.05 second delay).
M51 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition after impact. It is a modification of the M48 fuze with the addition of a booster charge. Models: M51A4, M51A5 (M48A3 Fuze with M21A4 booster).
M52 Point Detonating Super-Quick (PDSQ) Fuze: Super-Quick fuze that activates less than a second after impact. The pre-war M52 was made of aluminum, the M52B1 model was made of Bakelite, and the M52B2 model had a Bakelite body and an aluminum head; the suffix would be added to the shell designation.
M53 Point Detonating Delay (PDD) Fuze: Delay fuze that activates after impact.
M54 Time and Super-Quick (TSQ) Fuze: Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
M77 Time and Super Quick (TSQ) Fuze: Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
M78 Concrete Penetrating (CP) Fuze: Delay fuze that was set off after the shell had impacted and buried itself to increase the damage done.
M84 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 25 seconds in 1-second intervals; seconds were indicated by vertical lines and 5-second intervals were indicated by metal bosses to allow it to be set in low-light or night-time conditions.
M84A1 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals.

References

FM 23-90
TM 9-1260
SNL A-33

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 81 mm Mortar M1.

90th Infantry Division Preservation Group - page on 81 mm mortars and equipment
Popular Science, August 1943, Pill Boxes Destroyer article on M1 81mm mortar

United States artillery of World War II

Tank guns	37 mm gun M5/M6 75 mm gun M2/M3/M6 76 mm gun M1 3 inch gun M7 90 mm gun M3 105 mm howitzer M4

Anti-tank guns	37 mm M3 57 mm M1 75 mm M1897 3 inch M5 90 mm T8 105mm T8

Field, medium and heavy guns	75 mm M1897 75 mm howitzer M1 105 mm howitzer M2 105 mm howitzer M3 4.5 inch gun M1 155 mm howitzer M1918 155 mm howitzer M1 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom" 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 8-inch gun M1 240 mm howitzer M1

Mortars	60 mm mortar M2 81 mm mortar M1 4.2 inch mortar M2 Little David

Other vehicle-mounted	75 mm howitzer M2/M3 75 mm gun M1897 105 mm howitzer M2 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M2

Anti-aircraft guns	37 mm M1 40 mm M1 3-inch gun M1917 3 inch M3 90 mm M1 120 mm M1

Coast artillery guns	3-inch gun M1903 90 mm M1 6-inch gun M1903 155 mm gun M1918MI 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 16-inch Marks 2 and 3 16-inch howitzer M1920

Railway artillery	8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch M1888 14-inch M1920

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