Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant

Bolin Hall, still under tight security, is the former LAAP building most visible off U.S. Highway 80 west of Minden, Louisiana. Now headquarters for the Louisiana Army National Guard, the structure is named for the late Judge James E. Bolin.^[1]

The Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, formerly known as the Louisiana Ordnance Plant or as The Shell Plant, is an inactive 14,974-acre (60.60 km²) government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) facility located off U.S. Highway 80 in Webster Parish between Minden and Bossier City, Louisiana. Part of LAAP is now known as Camp Minden, a training center for the Louisiana Army National Guard. In recent years, LAAP and Camp Minden have become nearly interchangeable terms, with most references to Camp Minden.

Background

At the beginning of 1939, the government imposed eminent domain to purchase the land for the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP). Handled by the attorney Harvey Locke Carey of Shreveport, then with the United States Army Corps of Engineers,^[2] the acquisition was completed in 1941 even before the United States entered World War II.^[3][4]

LAAP was completed in eleven months under the direction of the contractor, Silas Mason. At the time, the entire area was rural and thinly settled. Eight production lines were opened in May 1942. The number of employees during World War II peaked at 10,754 in December 1944, the month of the decisive Battle of the Bulge. Production of ammunition ceased in the summer of 1945 with V-J Day, and the plant was deactivated three months later. LAAP was restored to service during the Korean and Vietnam wars and operated through the 1980s until the middle 1990s.^[5]

In the building of the plant, nine rural cemeteries in Webster and Bossier parishes came uniquely under the perpetual care of the United States government. Existing wooden grave markers were replaced with small concrete slabs without the names of the deceased listed on the markers. The cemeteries are Allentown, Crowe, Jim Davis, Keene, Knotttingham, Raine, Richardson, Vanorsdel, and Walker. Those interred are listed with dates of birth and death and occasionally with other information in a printed survey, but individuals cannot visit LAAP grounds to look for specific graves; none would be found by the names were such a search conducted. The Crowe and Richardson cemeteries have the greatest number of individual grave listings.^[6]

Plant operations

Remington Rand reactivated LAAP in 1951, and employment reached five thousand in 1953. Production was suspended again in 1958. The plant was activated once more in September 1961 by Sperry Rand, the contractor until 1975. During this time there were two tragic accidental explosions in 1962 and again in 1968.^[5] LAAP had 7,800 employees at the height of the Vietnam War in 1967.^[7]

Thereafter, LAAP, colloquially known as "the shell plant", was operated from 1975 until 1989 by Morton Thiokol, now Thiokol, which also managed the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant near Marshall, Texas.^[8] In the mid-1990s, the property came under the management of Lea Hall Properties of Shreveport. In addition to the National Guard installation, the former LAAP is now leased to various commercial entities.^[5]

While in operation, LAAP was like a town unto itself, with its own 20-bed hospital, fire department, telephone line, water wells, sewerage and lighting systems, roads, staff housing, and meal services. The facility was so large that many needed a map to find their way around the grounds. There were major safety and security programs with certain employees designated as "guards"; to prevent fires employees were forbidden to enter the plant with smoking materials in their possession.^[5]

Among the plant managers during the Vietnam activation was retired United States Army Colonel Thomas L. Gaines (1901-1989), a native of Dickson County in western Tennessee who fought in both theaters of World War II. He left the active military in 1956 and was the LAAP general manager from 1961 until August 1969. Gaines also held the national position of chief of ammunition manufacture for all twenty-six Army munitions plants scattered throughout the United States.^[9][10]

James E. McMichael (1932-2009), a former teacher/coach at the defunct Lowe Junior High School in Minden and an administrator in vocational technical education as well, served for a number of years as the LAAP employment manager. Applicants selected had to pass a manual dexterity test.^[11]

Later years

LAAP had 7,800 employees in 1967.^[12] Under manager Steve Shows, employment was 1,700 twelve years later in 1979. A layoff occurred when the government stopped buying the 4.2-inch mortar round of ammunition.^[13] Attrition continued; in March 1992, Shows announced that 332 employees would be dismissed in phases beginning on April 1.^[14]

LAAP for many years was the largest payroll provider in Webster Parish. In 1990, it was one of fourteen active munitions plants in the United States, and had 1,400 employees, half involved in production. The plant pumped $36 million into the local economy. LAAP spent $37 million per year in the purchase of materials to produce mines, grenades, mortar, and artillery rounds.^[15] In 1993 LAAP began to seek commercial clients to lease partial use of the plant facilities.^[16]

Bayou Dorcheat Correctional Center

Within LAAP is a $7.3 million state-of-the-art prison, the Bayou Dorcheat Correctional Center, named for Dorcheat Bayou. Pushed to completion by former Webster Parish Sheriff Larkin T. Riser, the prison was constructed to house up to 340 prisoners. Because the land on which the center sits is former military property, Riser depended on then U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu to break through the federal regulations: "She was a real champion for us. She ... helped us get through everything that had to be done in Washington." In addition to the Dorcheat Center, the sheriff's department also has facilities for forty-five inmates on the top floor of the Webster Parish Courthouse in Minden.^[17]

Camp Minden

Environmental contamination

On March 31, 1989, LAAP was listed as a Superfund site on the National Priorities List.^[18] The United States Environmental Protection Agency found that the ground water was contaminated by explosive wastes including cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and trinitrotoluene (TNT).^[18]

A 2012 explosion of 15 million pounds of M6 propellant rocketed Camp Minden. It shattered windows 4 miles away and created a 7,000-foot mushroom cloud and contaminated the area. The substance had been shipped to Explo Systems at Camp Minden and improperly stored at the facility. In 2014, the EPA ordered the Army to clean up the site on the grounds that the military should not have entrusted Explo Systems to handle such a large amount of the propellant. Three private firms, General Dynamics Corporation, Alliant Techsystems, and the Ashland, Inc., unit known as "Hercules" have been participating in the cleanup.^[19] In May 2015, EPA in conjunction with a Citizens' Advisory Group announced that an incinerator in the form of a contained burn system would be used. The plan is to dismantle the incinerator and remove it after burns are finished.^[20] To oversee the cleanup the EPA charged for about $8 million on top of $1.2 million that the state of Louisiana had already paid.^[21] Explo systems executives have asked a state judge to throw out charges, because M6 isn't classified as explosive in Louisiana. ^[22]

New facilities

In December 2013, a $26 million facility to house three military units in more modern facilities opened at Camp Minden. The Armed Forces Reserve Center, visible from U.S. Highway 80, had been under planning and construction since 2008. It provides permanent, consolidated housing for the 1083rd Transportation Company, the 39th Military Police Company, and the 122nd Air Support Operations Squadron. More than three hundred soldiers and airmen were impacted by the new facility. As of 2013 a second project, a Regional Training Institute, was under construction.^[23] The U.S. government funded the majority of the construction costs, the state provided $1 million, with another $6 million for infrastructure improvements.^[23]

M6 propellant cleanup

In June 2015, after months of public controversy, the Louisiana National Guard announced the awarding of a contract to remove millions of pounds of M6 propellant from Camp Minden. The task will require the construction of a contained burn unit. The initial $19 million contract could be increased to as much as $35 million to account for additional requirements set forth by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which approved the cleanup.^[24] Colonel Peter Raymond "Pete" Schneider (born May 1966) of Metairie,^[25] a spokesman for the National Guard, said that Explosive Service International of Baton Rouge is overseeing the operation. The company received notice to begin work from the Louisiana Office of State Procurement.^[26]

References

External links

• - Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant

Coordinates: 32°33′31″N 93°23′54″W / 32.55861°N 93.39833°W / 32.55861; -93.39833