Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC, FRS[1] (born Prince Louis of Battenberg; 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979), known informally as Lord Mountbatten, and to his family and friends as Dickie, was a British naval officer and statesman, an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and second cousin once removed of Elizabeth II. During the Second World War, he was Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command (1943–46). He was the last Viceroy of India (1947) and the first Governor-General of the independent Dominion of India (1947–48), from which the modern Republic of India emerged in 1950. From 1954 until 1959 he was First Sea Lord, a position that had been held by his father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, some forty years earlier. Thereafter he served as Chief of the Defence Staff until 1965, making him the longest serving professional head of the British Armed Forces to date. During this period Mountbatten also served as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee for a year.
In 1979, Mountbatten, his grandson Nicholas, and two others were killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), which had placed a bomb in his fishing boat, Shadow V, at Mullaghmore, County Sligo, in Ireland.
Early life
From the time of his birth at Frogmore House in the Home Park, Windsor, Berkshire until 1917, when he and several other relations of King George V dropped their German styles and titles, Lord Mountbatten was known as His Serene Highness Prince Louis of Battenberg. He was the youngest child and the second son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and his wife Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. His maternal grandparents were Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, who was a daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His paternal grandparents were Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg. His paternal grandparents' marriage was morganatic because his grandmother was not of royal lineage; as a result, he and his father were styled "Serene Highness" rather than "Grand Ducal Highness", were not eligible to be titled Princes of Hesse and were given the less exalted Battenberg title. His siblings were Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark (mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh), Queen Louise of Sweden, and George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven.[2]
Young Mountbatten's nickname among family and friends was "Dickie", although "Richard" was not among his given names. This was because his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had suggested the nickname of "Nicky", but to avoid confusion with the many Nickys of the Russian Imperial Family ("Nicky" was particularly used to refer to Nicholas II, the last Tsar), "Nicky" was changed to "Dickie".[3]
Mountbatten was educated at home for the first 10 years of his life: he was then sent to Lockers Park School in Hertfordshire[4] and on to the Royal Naval College, Osborne in May 1913.[5] In childhood he visited the Imperial Court of Russia at St Petersburg and became intimate with the doomed Russian Imperial Family, harbouring romantic feelings towards his maternal first cousin Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, whose photograph he kept at his bedside for the rest of his life.[6]
Career
Early career
Mountbatten was posted as midshipman to the battlecruiser HMS Lion in July 1916 and, after seeing action in August 1916, transferred to the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth during the closing phases of the First World War.[5] In June 1917, when the Royal Family stopped using their German names and titles and adopted the more British-sounding "Windsor": Prince Louis of Battenberg became Louis Mountbatten, and was created Marquess of Milford Haven. His second son acquired the courtesy title Lord Louis Mountbatten and was known as Lord Louis until he was created a peer in 1946.[7] He paid a brief visit of ten days to the Western Front, in July 1918.[8]
He was appointed executive officer (second-in-command) of the small warship HMS P.31 on 13 October 1918 and was promoted sub-lieutenant on 15 January 1919. HMS P.31 took part in the Peace River Pageant on 4 April 1919. Mountbatten attended Christ's College, Cambridge for two terms, starting in October 1919, where he studied English literature (including John Milton and Lord Byron) in a programme that was specially designed for ex-servicemen.[9][10][11] He was elected for a term to the Standing Committee of the Cambridge Union Society, and was suspected of sympathy for the Labour Party, then emerging as a potential party of government for the first time.[12]
He was posted to the battlecruiser HMS Renown in March 1920 and accompanied Edward, Prince of Wales, on a royal tour of Australia in her.[7] He was promoted lieutenant on 15 April 1920.[13] HMS Renown returned to Portsmouth on 11 October 1920.[14] Early in 1921 Royal Navy personnel were used for civil defence duties as serious industrial unrest seemed imminent. Mountbatten had to command a platoon of stokers, many of whom had never handled a rifle before, in northern England.[14] He transferred to the battlecruiser HMS Repulse in March 1921 and accompanied the Prince of Wales on a Royal tour of India and Japan.[7][15] Edward and Mountbatten formed a close friendship during the trip.[7] Mountbatten survived the deep defence cuts known as the Geddes Axe. 52% of the officers of his year had had to leave the Royal Navy by the end of 1923; although he was highly regarded by his superiors, it was rumoured that wealthy and well-connected officers were more likely to be retained.[16] He was posted to the battleship HMS Revenge in the Mediterranean Fleet in January 1923.[7]
Pursuing his interests in technological development and gadgetry, Mountbatten joined the Portsmouth Signals School in August 1924 and then went on briefly to study electronics at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.[7] Mountbatten became a Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), now the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), which annually awards the Mountbatten Medal for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, to the promotion of electronics or information technology and their application.[17] He was posted to the battleship HMS Centurion in the Reserve Fleet in 1926 and became Assistant Fleet Wireless and Signals Officer of the Mediterranean Fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Roger Keyes in January 1927.[7] Promoted lieutenant-commander on 15 April 1928,[18] he returned to the Signals School in July 1929 as Senior Wireless Instructor.[7] He was appointed Fleet Wireless Officer to the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1931, and having been promoted commander on 31 December 1932,[19] was posted to the battleship HMS Resolution.[7]
In 1934, Mountbatten was appointed to his first command – the destroyer HMS Daring.[7] His ship was a new destroyer which he was to sail to Singapore and exchange for an older ship, HMS Wishart.[7] He successfully brought Wishart back to port in Malta and then attended the funeral of King George V in January 1936.[20] Mountbatten was appointed a Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to King Edward VIII on 23 June 1936,[21] and, having joined the Naval Air Division of the Admiralty in July 1936,[1] he attended the coronation of King George VI in May 1937.[22] He was promoted Captain on 30 June 1937[23] and was then given command of the destroyer HMS Kelly in June 1939.[24]
In July 1939, Mountbatten was granted a patent (UK Number 508,956) for a system for maintaining a warship in a fixed position relative to another ship.[25]
Second World War
When war broke out in September 1939, Mountbatten became commander of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla aboard his ship Kelly, which became famous for its exploits.[1] In late 1939 he brought the Duke of Windsor back from exile in France and in early May 1940, Mountbatten led a British convoy in through the fog to evacuate the Allied forces participating in the Namsos Campaign during the Norwegian Campaign.[24] On the night 9 May/10 May 1940, Kelly was torpedoed amidships by a German E-boat S 31 off the Dutch coast, and Mountbatten thereafter commanded the 5th Destroyer Flotilla from the destroyer HMS Javelin.[24] He rejoined Kelly in December 1940, by which time the torpedo damage had been repaired.[24]
Kelly was sunk by German dive bombers on 23 May 1941 during the Battle of Crete;[26] the incident serving as the basis for Noël Coward's film In Which We Serve.[27] Coward was a personal friend of Mountbatten and copied some of his speeches into the film.[26] Mountbatten was mentioned in despatches on 9 August 1940[28] and 21 March 1941[29] and awarded the Distinguished Service Order in January 1941.[30]
In August 1941, Mountbatten was appointed captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious which lay in Norfolk, Virginia, for repairs following action at Malta in the Mediterranean in January.[26] During this period of relative inactivity, he paid a flying visit to Pearl Harbor, where he was not impressed with the state of readiness of that U.S. base.[26]
Mountbatten was a favourite of Winston Churchill (although Churchill was furious at Mountbatten's later role in the partition and independence of India and Pakistan, he later invited him to dinner and "forgave" him in September 1952).[31] On 27 October 1941 Mountbatten replaced Roger Keyes as Chief of Combined Operations and promoted commodore.[26]
His duties in this role included inventing new technical aids to assist with opposed landings.[1] Noteworthy technical achievements of Mountbatten and his staff include the construction of "PLUTO", an underwater oil pipeline from the English coast to Normandy, an artificial harbour constructed of concrete caissons and sunken ships, and the development of amphibious tank-landing ships.[1] Another project that Mountbatten proposed to Churchill was Project Habakkuk. It was to be a massive and impregnable 600-metre aircraft carrier made from reinforced ice ("Pykrete"): Habakkuk was never carried out due to its enormous cost.[1]
In his role with Combined Operations, Mountbatten also planned commando raids across the English Channel. As acting vice-admiral in March 1942, he was in large part responsible for the planning and organisation of The Raid at St. Nazaire in mid-1942, an operation which put out of action one of the most heavily defended docks in Nazi-occupied France until well after war's end, the ramifications of which contributed to allied supremacy in the Battle of the Atlantic. He personally pushed through the disastrous Dieppe Raid of 19 August 1942, (which some among the Allied forces, notably Field Marshal Montgomery, later claimed was ill-conceived from the start). The raid on Dieppe was a disaster, with casualties (including those wounded or taken prisoner) numbering in the thousands, the great majority of them Canadians.[26] Historian Brian Loring Villa concluded that Mountbatten conducted the raid without authority, but that his intention to do so was known to several of his superiors, who took no action to stop him.[32] As a result of the Dieppe raid, Mountbatten became a controversial figure in Canada,[32] with the Royal Canadian Legion distancing itself from him during his visits there during his later career; his relations with Canadian veterans "remained frosty".[33]
Mountbatten claimed that the lessons learned from the Dieppe Raid were necessary for planning the Normandy invasion on D-Day nearly two years later. However, military historians such as former Royal Marine Julian Thompson have written that these lessons should not have needed a debacle such as Dieppe to be recognised.[34] Nevertheless, as a direct result of the failings of the Dieppe raid, the British made several innovations, most notably Hobart's Funnies – specialized armoured vehicles which, in the course of the Normandy Landings, undoubtedly saved many lives on those three beachheads upon which Commonwealth soldiers were landing (Gold Beach, Juno Beach, and Sword Beach).[35]
In August 1943, Churchill appointed Mountbatten the Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia Command (SEAC) with promotion to acting full admiral.[26] His less practical ideas were sidelined by an experienced planning staff led by Lt-Col. James Allason, though some, such as a proposal to launch an amphibious assault near Rangoon, got as far as Churchill before being quashed.[36]
British interpreter Hugh Lunghi recounted an embarrassing episode which occurred during the Potsdam Conference, when Mountbatten, desiring to receive an invitation to visit the Soviet Union, repeatedly attempted to impress Stalin with his former connections to the Russian imperial family. The attempt fell predictably flat, with Stalin dryly inquiring whether "it was some time ago that he had been there." Says Lunghi, "The meeting was embarrassing because Stalin was so unimpressed. He offered no invitation. Mountbatten left with his tail between his legs."[37]
During his time as Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Theatre, his command oversaw the recapture of Burma from the Japanese by General William Slim.[38] A personal high point was the reception of the Japanese surrender in Singapore when British troops returned to the island to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region led by General Itagaki Seishiro on 12 September 1945, codenamed Operation Tiderace.[39] South East Asia Command was disbanded in May 1946 and Mountbatten returned home with the substantive rank of rear-admiral.[40]
Last viceroy and first Governor-General
His experience in the region and in particular his perceived Labour sympathies at that time led to Clement Attlee appointing him Viceroy of India on 20 February 1947[41][42] charged with overseeing the transition of British India to independence no later than 30 June 1948. Mountbatten's instructions emphasised a united India as a result of the transference of power but authorised him to adapt to a changing situation in order to get Britain out promptly with minimal reputational damage.[43] Soon after he arrived, Mountbatten concluded that the situation was too volatile for even that short a wait. Although his advisers favoured a gradual transfer of independence, Mountbatten decided the only way forward was a quick and orderly transfer of independence before 1947 was out. In his view, any longer would mean civil war.[44] The Viceroy also hurried so he could return to his senior technical Navy courses.[45][46]
Mountbatten was fond of Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru and his liberal outlook for the country. He felt differently about the Muslim leader Muhammed Ali Jinnah, but was aware of his power, stating "If it could be said that any single man held the future of India in the palm of his hand in 1947, that man was Mohammad Ali Jinnah."[46] During his meeting with Jinnah on 5 April 1947,[47] Mountbatten tried to persuade Jinnah of a united India, citing the difficult task of dividing the mixed states of Punjab and Bengal, but the Muslim leader was unyielding in his goal of establishing a separate Muslim state called Pakistan.[48]
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Given the British government's recommendations to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was an unachievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.[1] Mountbatten set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would convince Indians of his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, excluding all possibilities of stalling the process.[49]
Among the Indian leaders, Mahatma Gandhi emphatically insisted on maintaining a united India and for a while successfully rallied people to this goal. During his meeting with Mountbatten, Gandhi asked Mountbatten to invite Jinnah to form a new Central government, but Mountbatten never uttered a word of Gandhi's ideas to Jinnah.[50] And when Mountbatten's timeline offered the prospect of attaining independence soon, sentiments took a different turn. Given Mountbatten's determination, Nehru and Patel's inability to deal with the Muslim League and lastly Jinnah's obstinacy, all Indian party leaders (except Gandhi) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India,[51] which in turn eased Mountbatten's task. Mountbatten also developed a strong relationship with the Indian princes, who ruled those portions of India not directly under British rule. His intervention was decisive in persuading the vast majority of them to see advantages in opting to join the Indian Union. On one hand, the integration of the princely states can be viewed as one of the positive aspects of his legacy.[52] But on the other, the refusal of Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, and Junagadh to join one of the dominions led to future tension between Pakistan and India.[53]
Mountbatten brought forward the date of the partition from June 1948 to 15 August 1947.[54] The uncertainty of the borders caused Muslims and Hindus to move into the direction where they felt they would get the majority. Hindus and Muslims were thoroughly terrified, and the Muslim movement from the East was balanced by the similar movement of Hindus from the West.[55] A boundary committee chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe was charged with drawing boundaries for the new nations. With a mandate to leave as many Hindus and Sikhs in India and as many Muslims in Pakistan as possible, Radcliffe came up with a map that split the two countries along the Punjab and Bengal borders. This left 14 million people on the "wrong" side of the border, and dozens of them fled to "safety" on the other side when the new lines were announced.[44]
When India and Pakistan attained independence at midnight on the night of 14–15 August 1947, Mountbatten remained in New Delhi for 10 months, serving as India's first governor general until June 1948.[56]
Notwithstanding the self-promotion of his own part in Indian independence — notably in the television series The Life and Times of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma, produced by his son-in-law Lord Brabourne, and Freedom at Midnight by Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins (of which he was the main quoted source) — his record is seen as very mixed; one common view is that he hastened the independence process unduly and recklessly, foreseeing vast disruption and loss of life and not wanting this to occur on the British watch, but thereby actually helping it to occur, especially in Punjab and Bengal.[57] John Kenneth Galbraith, the Canadian-American Harvard University economist, who advised governments of India during the 1950s, an intimate of Nehru who served as the American ambassador from 1961 to 1963, was a particularly harsh critic of Mountbatten in this regard.[58]
Career after India and Pakistan
After India, Mountbatten served as commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet and, having been granted the substantive rank of vice admiral on 22 June 1949,[59] he became Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1950.[56] He became Fourth Sea Lord at the Admiralty in June 1950 and attended the funeral of King George VI in February 1952.[60] He then returned to the Mediterranean to serve as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and NATO Commander Allied Forces Mediterranean from June 1952.[56] Promoted to the substantive rank of full admiral on 27 February 1953,[61] he attended the coronation of the Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.[62] Mountbatten served his final posting at the Admiralty as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from April 1955 to July 1959, the position which his father had held some forty years prior. This was the first time in Royal Naval history that a father and son had both attained such high rank.[63] He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 22 October 1956.[64]
While serving as First Sea Lord, his primary concerns dealt with devising plans on how the Royal Navy would keep shipping lanes open if Britain fell victim to a nuclear attack. Today, this seems of minor importance but at the time few people comprehended the potentially limitless destruction nuclear weapons possess and the ongoing dangers posed by the fallout. Military commanders did not understand the physics involved in a nuclear explosion. This became evident when Mountbatten had to be reassured that the fission reactions from the Bikini Atoll tests would not spread through the oceans and blow up the planet.[65] As Mountbatten became more familiar with this new form of weaponry, he increasingly grew opposed to its use in combat yet at the same time he realised the potential nuclear energy had, especially with regards to submarines. Mountbatten expressed his feelings towards the use of nuclear weapons in combat in his article "A Military Commander Surveys The Nuclear Arms Race," which was published shortly after his death in International Security in the winter of 1979–80.[66] After leaving the Admiralty, Lord Mountbatten took the position of Chief of the Defence Staff.[56] He served in this post for six years during which he was able to consolidate the three service departments of the military branch into a single Ministry of Defence.[67]
Mountbatten was Governor of the Isle of Wight from 20 July 1965[68] and then the first Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight from 1 April 1974.[69]
Mountbatten received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1968.[70]
In 1969, Mountbatten tried unsuccessfully to persuade his cousin, the Spanish pretender Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, to ease the eventual accession of his son, Juan Carlos, to the Spanish throne by signing a declaration of abdication while in exile.[71] The next year Mountbatten attended an official White House dinner during which he took the opportunity to have a 20-minute conversation with Richard Nixon and Secretary of State William P. Rogers, about which he later wrote, "I was able to talk to the President a bit about both Tino (Constantine II of Greece) and Juanito (Juan Carlos of Spain) to try and put over their respective points of view about Greece and Spain, and how I felt the US could help them."[71] In January 1971, Nixon hosted Juan Carlos and his wife Sofia (sister of the exiled King Constantine) during a visit to Washington and later that year the Washington Post published an article alleging that Nixon's administration was seeking to get Franco to retire in favour of the young Bourbon prince.[71]
From 1967 until 1978, Mountbatten was president of the United World Colleges Organisation, then represented by a single college: that of Atlantic College in South Wales. Mountbatten supported the United World Colleges and encouraged heads of state, politicians and personalities throughout the world to share his interest. Under Mountbatten's presidency and personal involvement, the United World College of South East Asia was established in Singapore in 1971, followed by the United World College of the Pacific (now known as the Lester B Pearson United World College of the Pacific) in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1974. In 1978, Mountbatten passed the presidency of the college to his great-nephew, the Prince of Wales.[72]
Alleged plots against Harold Wilson
Peter Wright, in his book Spycatcher, claimed that in 1967 Mountbatten attended a private meeting with press baron and MI5 agent Cecil King, and the Government's chief scientific adviser, Solly Zuckerman. King and Peter Wright were members of a group of 30 MI5 officers who wanted to stage a coup against the then crisis-stricken Labour Government of Harold Wilson, and King allegedly used the meeting to urge Mountbatten to become the leader of a government of national salvation. Solly Zuckerman pointed out that it was treason, and the idea came to nothing because of Mountbatten's reluctance to act.[73]
In 2006, the BBC documentary The Plot Against Harold Wilson alleged that there had been another plot involving Mountbatten to oust Wilson during his second term in office (1974–76). The period was characterised by high inflation, increasing unemployment and widespread industrial unrest. The alleged plot revolved around right-wing former military figures who were supposedly building private armies to counter the perceived threat from trade unions and the Soviet Union. They believed that the Labour Party, which was (and still is) partly funded by affiliated trade unions, was unable and unwilling to counter these developments and that Wilson was either a Soviet agent or at the very least a Communist sympathiser – claims Wilson strongly denied. The documentary alleged that a coup was planned to overthrow Wilson and replace him with Mountbatten using the private armies and sympathisers in the military and MI5.[74]
The first official history of MI5, The Defence of the Realm (2009), tacitly confirmed that there was a plot against Wilson and that MI5 did have a file on him. Yet it also made clear that the plot was in no way official and that any activity centred on a small group of discontented officers. This much had already been confirmed by former cabinet secretary Lord Hunt, who concluded in a secret inquiry conducted in 1996 that "there is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5...a lot of them like Peter Wright who were rightwing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government."[75]
Personal life
Marriage
Mountbatten was married on 18 July 1922 to Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley, daughter of Wilfred William Ashley, later 1st Baron Mount Temple, himself a grandson of the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. She was the favourite granddaughter of the Edwardian magnate Sir Ernest Cassel and the principal heir to his fortune.[7] There followed a glamorous honeymoon tour of European courts and America which included a visit to Niagara Falls (because "all honeymooners went there").[3]
Mountbatten admitted "Edwina and I spent all our married lives getting into other people's beds."[76] He maintained an affair for several years with Frenchwoman Yola Letellier,[77] Edwina and Jawaharlal Nehru became intimate friends after Indian Independence. During the summers, she would frequent the prime minister's house so she could lounge about on his veranda during the hot Delhi days. Personal correspondence between the two reveals a satisfying yet frustrating relationship. Edwina states in one of her letters. "Nothing that we did or felt would ever be allowed to come between you and your work or me and mine – because that would spoil everything."[78]
Daughter as heir
Lord and Lady Mountbatten had two daughters: Lady Patricia Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (born 14 February 1924), sometime lady-in-waiting to the Queen, and Lady Pamela Carmen Louise (Hicks) (born 19 April 1929), who accompanied them to India in 1947–48 and was also sometime lady-in-waiting to the Queen.[2]
Since Mountbatten had no sons, when he was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton on 27 August 1946[79] and then Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Baron Romsey, in the County of Southampton on 28 October 1947,[80] the Letters Patent were drafted such that in the event he left no sons or issue in the male line, the titles could pass to his daughters, in order of seniority of birth, and to their heirs respectively.[81]
Leisure interests
Like many members of the royal family, Mountbatten was an aficionado of polo. He received U.S. patent 1,993,334 in 1931 for a polo stick.[82] Mountbatten introduced the sport to the Royal Navy in the 1920s, and wrote a book on the subject.[3] He also served as Commodore of Emsworth Sailing Club in Hampshire from 1931.[83]
Mentorship of the Prince of Wales
Mountbatten was a strong influence in the upbringing of his grand-nephew, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, and later as a mentor—"Honorary Grandfather" and "Honorary Grandson", they fondly called each other according to the Jonathan Dimbleby biography of the Prince—though according to both the Ziegler biography of Mountbatten and the Dimbleby biography of the Prince, the results may have been mixed. He from time to time strongly upbraided the Prince for showing tendencies towards the idle pleasure-seeking dilettantism of his predecessor as Prince of Wales, King Edward VIII, whom Mountbatten had known well in their youth. Yet he also encouraged the Prince to enjoy the bachelor life while he could and then to marry a young and inexperienced girl so as to ensure a stable married life.[84]
Mountbatten's qualification for offering advice to this particular heir to the throne was unique; it was he who had arranged the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth to Dartmouth Royal Naval College on 22 July 1939, taking care to include the young Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret in the invitation, but assigning his nephew, Cadet Prince Philip of Greece, to keep them amused while their parents toured the facility. This was the first recorded meeting of Charles's future parents.[85] But a few months later, Mountbatten's efforts nearly came to naught when he received a letter from his sister Alice in Athens informing him that Philip was visiting her and had agreed to permanently repatriate to Greece. Within days, Philip received a command from his cousin and sovereign, King Geórgios II of the Hellenes, to resume his naval career in Britain which, though given without explanation, the young prince obeyed.[86]
In 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to his granddaughter, Hon. Amanda Knatchbull.[87] It was about this time he also recommended that the 25-year-old prince get on with "sowing some wild oats".[87] Charles dutifully wrote to Amanda's mother (who was also his godmother), Lady Brabourne, about his interest. Her answer was supportive, but advised him that she thought her daughter still rather young to be courted.[88]
In February 1975, Charles visited New Delhi to play polo and was shown around Rashtrapati Bhavan, the former Viceroy's House, by Mountbatten.[89]
Four years later Mountbatten secured an invitation for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his planned 1980 tour of India.[88] Their fathers promptly objected. Prince Philip thought that the Indian public's reception would more likely reflect response to the uncle than to the nephew. Lord Brabourne counselled that the intense scrutiny of the press would be more likely to drive Mountbatten's godson and granddaughter apart than together.[88]
Charles was re-scheduled to tour India alone, but Mountbatten did not live to the planned date of departure. When Charles finally did propose marriage to Amanda later in 1979, the circumstances were changed, and she refused him.[88]
Television appearances
In 1969 Earl Mountbatten participated in a 12-part autobiographical television series Lord Mountbatten: A Man for the Century, also known as The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten, produced by Associated-Rediffusion and scripted by historian John Terraine.[90][91] The episodes were:[92]
|
1. The King's Ships Were at Sea (1900–1917) |
5. United We Conquer (1941–1943) |
9. The Last Viceroy |
On 27 April 1977, shortly before his 77th birthday, Mountbatten became the first member of the Royal Family to appear on the TV guest show This Is Your Life.[93]
Death
Assassination
Mountbatten usually holidayed at his summer home, Classiebawn Castle, in Mullaghmore, a small seaside village in County Sligo, Ireland. The village was only 12 miles (19 km) from the border with Northern Ireland and near an area known to be used as a cross-border refuge by IRA members.[94][95] In 1978, the IRA had allegedly attempted to shoot Mountbatten as he was aboard his boat, but "choppy seas had prevented the sniper lining up his target".[96]
Despite security advice and warnings from the Garda Síochána, on 27 August 1979, Mountbatten went lobster-potting and tuna fishing in his 30-foot (9.1 m) wooden boat, Shadow V, which had been moored in the harbour at Mullaghmore. IRA member Thomas McMahon had slipped onto the unguarded boat that night and attached a radio-controlled bomb weighing 50 pounds (23 kg). When Mountbatten was aboard, just a few hundred yards from the shore, the bomb was detonated. The boat was destroyed by the force of the blast, and Mountbatten's legs were almost blown off. Mountbatten, then aged 79, was pulled alive from the water by nearby fishermen, but died from his injuries before being brought to shore.[95][97][98] Also aboard the boat were his eldest daughter Patricia (Lady Brabourne), her husband John (Lord Brabourne), their twin sons Nicholas and Timothy Knatchbull, John's mother Doreen, (dowager) Lady Brabourne, and Paul Maxwell, a young crew member from County Fermanagh.[99] Nicholas (aged 14) and Paul (aged 15) were killed by the blast and the others were seriously injured.[100] Doreen, Lady Brabourne (aged 83) died from her injuries the following day.[101]
The IRA issued a statement afterward, saying:
The IRA claim responsibility for the execution of Lord Louis Mountbatten. This operation is one of the discriminate ways we can bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country. [...] The death of Mountbatten and the tributes paid to him will be seen in sharp contrast to the apathy of the British government and the English people to the deaths of over three hundred British soldiers, and the deaths of Irish men, women and children at the hands of their forces.[94][102]
Six weeks later,[103] Sinn Féin vice-president Gerry Adams said of Mountbatten's death:
The IRA gave clear reasons for the execution. I think it is unfortunate that anyone has to be killed, but the furor created by Mountbatten's death showed up the hypocritical attitude of the media establishment. As a member of the House of Lords, Mountbatten was an emotional figure in both British and Irish politics. What the IRA did to him is what Mountbatten had been doing all his life to other people; and with his war record I don't think he could have objected to dying in what was clearly a war situation. He knew the danger involved in coming to this country. In my opinion, the IRA achieved its objective: people started paying attention to what was happening in Ireland.[103]
On the day of the bombing, the IRA also ambushed and killed eighteen British soldiers in Northern Ireland, sixteen of them from the Parachute Regiment, in what became known as the Warrenpoint ambush. It was the deadliest attack on the British Army during the Troubles.[95]
Thomas McMahon, who had been arrested two hours before the bomb detonated at a Garda checkpoint between Longford and Granard on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle, was tried for the assassinations in Ireland, and convicted by forensic evidence supplied by James O'Donovan that showed flecks of paint from the boat and traces of nitroglycerine on his clothes.[104]
Funeral
On 5 September 1979 Lord Mountbatten received a ceremonial funeral at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by the Queen, the Royal Family and members of the European royal houses. Watched by thousands of people, the funeral procession, which started at Wellington Barracks, included representatives of all three British Armed Services, and military contingents from Burma, India, the United States, France and Canada. His coffin was drawn on a gun carriage by 118 Royal Navy ratings. During the televised service, the Prince of Wales read the lesson from Psalm 107.[105] In an address, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Donald Coggan, highlighted his various achievements and his "lifelong devotion to the Royal Navy".[106] After the public ceremonies, which he had planned himself, Mountbatten was buried in Romsey Abbey.[107][108] As part of the funeral arrangements, his body had been embalmed by Desmond Henley.[109]
Aftermath
On 23 November 1979 Thomas McMahon was convicted of murder based on forensic evidence collected by James O'Donovan, for his part in the bombing. He was released in 1998 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.[95][110]
On hearing of Mountbatten's death the then Master of the Queen's Music, Malcolm Williamson, was moved to write the Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma for violin and string orchestra. The 11-minute work was given its first performance on 5 May 1980 by the Scottish Baroque Ensemble, conducted by Leonard Friedman.[111]
Legacy
Mountbatten took pride in enhancing intercultural understanding and in 1984, with his elder daughter as the patron, the Mountbatten Institute was developed to allow young adults the opportunity to enhance their intercultural appreciation and experience by spending time abroad.[112]
The city of Ottawa, Ontario, erected Mountbatten Avenue in his memory. The avenue runs from Blossom Drive to Fairbanks Avenue.[113]
Honours
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Arms
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Titles and styles
- 25 June 1900 – 14 July 1917: His Serene Highness Prince Louis of Battenberg
- 14 July 1917 – 7 November 1917: Mr. Louis Mountbatten
- 7 November 1917 – 27 August 1946: Lord Louis Mountbatten
- 27 August 1946 – 28 October 1947: The Right Honourable The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
- 12 February – 15 August 1947: His Excellency The Right Honourable The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Viceroy and Governor-General of India
- 15 August – 28 October 1947: His Excellency The Right Honourable The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India
- 28 October 1947 – 21 June 1948: His Excellency The Right Honourable The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India
- 21 June 1948 – 20 July 1965: The Right Honourable The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- 20 July 1965 – 1 April 1974: His Excellency The Right Honourable The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Governor and Captain of the Isle of Wight
- 1 April 1974 – 27 August 1979: The Right Honourable The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Ancestors
References
Footnotes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zuckerman (1981), pp. 354–366.
- 1 2 Montgomery-Massingberd (1973), pp. 303–304.
- 1 2 3 "Lord Louis Mountbatten". Life. 17 August 1942. p. 63. Retrieved 20 September 2012 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Ziegler (2011).
- 1 2 Heathcote (2002), p. 183.
- ↑ King & Wilson (2003), p. 49.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Heathcote (2002), p. 184.
- ↑ Ziegler 1986, p46
- ↑ Heathcote 2002 p.184 states that he studied engineering which does not tally with more detailed biographies
- ↑ Ziegler 1986, p47-9
- ↑ Smith 2010, p66
- ↑ Ziegler 1985, p49
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32461. p. 7384. 20 September 1921. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 Ziegler 1986, p59
- ↑ Ziegler 1986, p.60 states that he actually joined HMS Repulse on 25 June 1921
- ↑ Ziegler 1986, p73
- ↑ "Mountbatten Medal". IET. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33378. p. 2900. 24 April 1928. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33899. p. 48. 3 January 1933. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34279. p. 2785. 29 April 1936. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34296. p. 4012. 19 June 1936. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34453. p. 7049. 10 November 1937. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34414. p. 4247. 2 July 1937. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Heathcote (2002), p. 185.
- ↑ "Abstract of GB508956 508,956. Speed governors". Wiki Patents. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heathcote (2002), p. 186.
- ↑ Niemi (2006), p. 70.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34918. p. 4919. 9 August 1940. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35113. p. 1654. 18 March 1941. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35029. p. 25. 31 December 1940. Retrieved 20 September 2012. DSO
- ↑ Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill: Never Despair: 1945–1965. (c) 1988: p.762
- 1 2 Villa (1989), pp. 240–241.
- ↑ "Who Was Responsible For Dieppe?". CBC Archives. 9 September 1962. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ↑ Thompson (2001), p. 263–269.
- ↑ "In pictures: D-Day inventions: The Flail". BBC News. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Obituary: Lt-Col James Allason". The Telegraph. London. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Montefiore (2004), p. 501.
- ↑ Heathcote (2002), p. 187
- ↑ Park (1946), p. 2156, para 360.
- ↑ Heathcote (2002), p. 188.
- ↑ Talbot & Singh (2009), p. 40.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 37916. p. 1399. 25 March 1947. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Ziegler (1985), p. 359.
- 1 2 White (2012), p. 428.
- ↑ Wolpert (2006), p. 140
- 1 2 Sardesai (2007), pp. 309–313.
- ↑ Wolpert (2006), p. 141.
- ↑ Greenberg, Jonathan D. (2005). "Generations of Memory: Remembering Partition in India/Pakistan and Israel/Palestine". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 25 (1): 89. doi:10.1215/1089201x-25-1-89 – via Project MUSE.
- ↑ Ziegler (1985), p. 355.
- ↑ Wolpert (2006), p. 139.
- ↑ Ziegler (1985), p. 373.
- ↑ Guha (2008), p. 57.
- ↑ Stoessinger (2010), p. 185.
- ↑ Talbot & Singh (2009), p. xvii.
- ↑ Khan (2007), pp. 100–01.
- 1 2 3 4 Heathcote (2002), p. 189.
- ↑ See, e.g., Wolpert (2006).
- ↑ "People: Scots of Windsor's Past". Windsor's Scottish Heritage. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 38681. p. 3760. 2 August 1949. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39575. p. 3354. 17 June 1952. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 39802. p. 1530. 17 March 1953. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 40020. p. 6253. 17 November 1953. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Patton, Allyson (March 2005). "Broadlands: Lord Mountbatten's Country Home". British Heritage. 26 (1): 14–17 – via Academic Search Complete.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 40927. p. 6492. 16 November 1956. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Zuckerman (1981), p. 363
- ↑ Mountbatten, Louis (Winter 1979–1980). "A Military Commander Surveys The Nuclear Arms Race". International Security. MIT Press. 4 (3): 3–5. doi:10.2307/2626691.
- ↑ Heathcote (2002), p. 190.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 43720. p. 7029. 23 July 1965. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 46255. p. 4399. 4 April 1974. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ webperson@hw.ac.uk. "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates". www1.hw.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- 1 2 3 Powell (1996), pp. 50–51, 221–222.
- ↑ "History". UWC. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "House of Commons Proceedings". Hansard. 10 January 1996. Column 287. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Wheeler, Brian (9 March 2006). "Wilson 'Plot': The Secret Tapes". BBC News. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Leigh, David (10 October 2009). "The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 by Christopher Andrew". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Ziegler (1985), p. 53.
- ↑ Hicks (2012), p. 24.
- ↑ Bailey, Katherine (April–May 2000). "India's Last Vicereine". British Heritage. 21 (3): 16.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 37702. p. 4305. 27 August 1946. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 38109. p. 5074. 28 October 1947. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 44059. p. 8227. 21 July 1966. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Polo Stick: United States Patent 1993334". Free Patents On Line. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Emsworth to Langstone" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ↑ Junor (2005), p. 72.
- ↑ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000). "The Real Prince Philip" (TV documentary). Real Lives: channel 4's portrait gallery. Channel 4. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ↑ Vickers (2000), p. 281.
- 1 2 Dimbleby (1994), pp. 204–206.
- 1 2 3 4 Dimbleby (1994), pp. 263–265.
- ↑ "People in Sports". The New York Times. 22 February 1975. p. 20.
- ↑ "Main page". Lord Mountbatten: A Man for the Century. IMDB. 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ↑ "Full cast and crew". Lord Mountbatten: A Man for the Century. IMDB. 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ↑ "Episode list". Lord Mountbatten: A Man for the Century. IMDB. 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ↑ "This Is Your Life (1969–1993)". EOFF TV. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 "Britain: A Nation Mourns Its Loss". Time. 10 September 1979. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 "On This Day: 27 August 1979: IRA Bomb Kills Lord Mountbatten". BBC News. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Barratt, John. With the greatest respect: The private lives of Earl Mountbatten and Prince & Princess Michael of Kent. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1991. p.23
- ↑ "IRA Bombs Kill Mountbatten and 17 Soldiers". The Guardian. Londong. 28 August 1979. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ O'Brien (1995), p. 55.
- ↑ "Queen Mother May Get Blue Plaque Tribute". The Telegraph. London.
- ↑ "Tim Knatchbull: The IRA Killed My Grandfather, but I'm Glad the Queen Met Their Man". The Telegraph. London. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Patton, Allyson (March 2005). "Broadlands: Lord Mountbatten's Country Home". British Heritage. 26 (1): 14–17.
- ↑ English, Richard. Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Macmillan, 2004. p.220
- 1 2 Amfitheatrof, Erik (19 November 1979). "NORTHERN IRELAND: It is Clearly a War Situation". Time Magazine. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ↑ "Killer of Lord Mountbatten Enjoys Freedom, 30 Years on from IRA Murder". The Telegraph. London. 9 August 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "The Funeral of Lord Mountbatten". Imperial War Museum.
- ↑ "On This Day—5 September 1979: Mountbatten Buried after Final Parade". BBC.
- ↑ Vickers, Hugo (November 1989). "The Man Who Was Never Wrong". Royalty Monthly: 42.
- ↑ Louis Mountbatten at Find a Grave
- ↑ "In Memoriam: Desmond C. Henley". Christopher Henley Limited. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ↑ Maloney (2002), p. 176.
- ↑ "Obituary: Malcolm Williamson". The Guardian. London. 4 March 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Mountbatten Institute". Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Mountbatten Avenue". National Inventory of Military Memorials. National Defence Canada. 16 April 2008.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37807. p. 5945. 3 December 1946. Retrieved 20 September 2012. KG
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37023. p. 1893. 6 April 1945. Retrieved 20 September 2012. KCB
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 43713. p. 6729. 16 July 1965. Retrieved 20 September 2012. OM
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34365. p. 693. 29 January 1937. Retrieved 20 September 2012. GCVO
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32730. p. 5353. 18 July 1922. Retrieved 20 September 2012. KCVO
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32086. p. 9987. 15 October 1920. Retrieved 20 September 2012. MVO
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34878. p. 3777. 21 June 1940. Retrieved 20 September 2012. KJStJ
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33453. p. 49. 1 January 1929. Retrieved 20 September 2012. CStJ
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Kingston upon Thames, Surrey: Kelly's Directories. 1976. p. 882 – via Google Books.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35538. p. 1850. 24 April 1942. Retrieved 20 September 2012. Military Cross (Second Class) (Greece)
- 1 2 Ziegler (1989), pp. 18, 254.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37023. p. 1895. 6 April 1945. Retrieved 20 September 2012. Order of the Cloud and Banner (China)
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37299. p. 4954. 5 October 1945. Retrieved 20 September 2012. DSM (US)
- 1 2 3 "Draped with Honors Mountbatten Steps Down as Defense Chief". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. 17 July 1965. Retrieved 13 September 2013 – via Google News.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37777. p. 5418. 1 November 1946. Retrieved 20 September 2012. Order of George I (Greece)
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 38176. p. 274. 13 January 1948. Retrieved 20 September 2012. Order of the Netherlands Lion
- ↑ "Mountbatten's coat of arms as a Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim". Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Lee (1999), pp. 15, 135 & 136.
Works cited
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- Gilbert, Martin (1988). Never Despair: Winston Churchill 1945–65. London: Minerva. ISBN 978-0749391041.
- Guha, Ramachandra (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. London: Pan. ISBN 978-0330396110.
- Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Havertown: Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
- Hicks, Pamela (2012). Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297864820.
- Junor, Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5.
- Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300120783.
- King, Greg & Wilson, Penny (2003). The Fate of the Romanovs. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-20768-3.
- Lee, Brian (1999). British Royal Bookplates. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 978-0859678834.
- Maloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-393-32502-4.
- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2004). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-1400042302.
- Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1973). Burke's Guide to the Royal Family. London: Burke's Peerage. ISBN 978-0220662226.
- Niemi, Robert (2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576079522 – via Google Books.
- Nordenvall, Per (1998). Kungl. Serafimerorden 1748–1998 [The Royal Order of the Seraphim 1748–1998] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Kungl. Maj:ts orden. ISBN 91-630-6744-7.
- O'Brien, Brendan (1995). The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin. Dublin: The O'Brien Press. ISBN 978-0862786069.
- Park, Keith (August 1946). Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945 (PDF). London: War Office. published in The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39202. pp. 2127–2172. 13 April 1951.
- Pender, Paul (2012). The Butler Did It: My True and Terrifying Encounters with a Serial Killer. Edinburgh: Mainstream. ISBN 978-1780575612.
- Powell, Charles (1996). Juan Carlos of Spain. Houndmills: MacMillan Press, St. Antony's Series. ISBN 0-333-54726-8.
- Sardesai, Damodar (2007). India: The Definitive History. Boulder, CO: Westview. ISBN 978-0813343525.
- Smith, Adrian (2010). Mountbatten: Apprentice War Lord 1900-1943. London: I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-1-848-85374-4.
- Stoessinger, John (2010). Why Nations Go to War?. Boston: Wadsworth–Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495797180.
- Talbot, Ian & Singh, Gurharpal (2009). The Partition of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521672566.
- Thompson, Julian (2001). The Royal Marines: From Sea Soldiers to a Special Force. London: Pan. ISBN 0-330-37702-7.
- Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.
- Villa, Brian Loring (1989). Unauthorised Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-540804-7.
- White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393081923.
- Wheen, Francis (2001). Tom Driberg: The Soul of Indiscretion. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-575-6.
- Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006). Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195393941.
- Ziegler, Philip (1985). Mountbatten: The Official Biography. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0002165433.
- ——— (1989). From Shore to Shore: The Tour Diaries of Earl Mountbatten of Burma 1953–1979. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0002176064 – via Google Books.
- ——— (January 2011) [first published 2004]. "Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979)". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31480.
- Zuckerman, Lord (November 1981). "Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, OM 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 27: 354–366. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0014. JSTOR 769876.
Further reading
- Hough, Richard (1980). Mountbatten: Hero of Our Time. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297778059.
- Knatchbull, Timothy (2010). From a Clear Blue Sky. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0099543589.
- Leigh, David (1988). The Wilson Plot: The Intelligence Services and the Discrediting of a Prime Minister 1945–1976. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0434413409.
- Murfett, Malcolm (1995). The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94231-7.
- Roberts, Andrew (2004). Eminent Churchillians. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1857992137.
- Smith, Adrian (2010). Mountbatten: Apprentice War Lord 1900–1943. London: I B Tauris. ISBN 978-1848853744.
- Terraine, John (1968). The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0090888108.
- Von Tunzelmann, Alex (2008). Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire. London: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1416522256.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. |
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial web-site to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- Papers of Louis, Earl Mountbatten of Burma. University of Southampton
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Herbert Packer |
Fourth Sea Lord 1950–1952 |
Succeeded by Sydney Raw |
| Preceded by John Edelsten |
Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet 1952–1954 |
Succeeded by Guy Grantham |
| Preceded by Rhoderick McGrigor |
First Sea Lord 1955–1959 |
Succeeded by Charles Lambe |
| Preceded by William Dickson |
Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965 |
Succeeded by Richard Hull |
| Preceded by Rustu Erdelhun |
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1960–1961 |
Succeeded by Lyman Lemnitzer |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by The Viscount Wavell |
Viceroy of India 1947 |
Became Governor General of India |
| Succeeded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan | ||
| Preceded by Himself as Viceroy of India |
Governor General of India 1947–1948 |
Succeeded by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari |
| Preceded by The Duke of Wellington |
Governor of the Isle of Wight 1965–1974 |
Became Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight |
| Preceded by Himself as Governor of the Isle of Wight |
Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight 1974–1979 |
Succeeded by John Nicholson |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Earl Mountbatten of Burma 1947–1979 |
Succeeded by Patricia Knatchbull |
| Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 1946–1979 | ||
| Baron Romsey 1947–1979 | ||
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