List of state leaders in 1656

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1656.

Africa

• Kingdom of Bamum – Ngouloure (1629–1672)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Houegbadja (1645–1685)
• Ethiopian Empire – Fasilides (1632–1667)

Asia

• China
  • Qing dynasty – Shunzhi Emperor (1644–1661)
  • Southern Ming – Prince of Gui, Emperor of Southern Ming (1646–1662)
• Empire of Japan –
  • Monarch – Go-Sai (1655–1663)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651–1680)
  • Daimyos
    • Hirosaki Domain - Tsugaru Nobumasa (1656–1710)
  • Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shitsu (1648–1668)
• Joseon (Korea) – Hyojong (1649–1659)
• Mughal Empire – Shah Jahan (1627–1658)

Europe

• Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Frederick III (1648–1670)
• Commonwealth of England – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1653–1658)
• Kingdom of France – Louis XIV (1643–1715)
• Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
  • Electorate of Bavaria – Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679)
  • Brandenburg-Prussia – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
  • Republic of Genoa –
    1. Alessandro Spinola, Doge of Genoa (1654–1656)
    2. Giulio Sauli, Doge of Genoa (1656–1658)
  • Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg (1638–1680)
  • Bishopric of Olomouc – Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Olomouc (1637–1662)
  • Prince-Bishopric of Passau – Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Passau (1625–1662)
  • Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg – Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg (1626–1662)
  • Prince-Bishopric of Wrocław – Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Wrocław (1656–1662)
  • Electorate of Saxony –
    1. John George I (1611–1656)
    2. John George II (1656–1680)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan- Mehmed IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Grand Vizier - Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1565–1561)
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (1648–1668)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
  1. John IV (1640–1656)
  2. Afonso VI (1656–1667)
• Tsardom of Russia – Alexis I (1645–1676)
• Duchy of Savoy – Charles Emmanuel II (1638–1675)
• Kingdom of Spain – Philip IV (1621–1665)
• Kingdom of Sweden – Charles X Gustav (1654–1660)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
• United Provinces
  • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
  • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)
• Republic of Venice –
  1. Bertuccio Valier, Doge of Venice (1656–1658)
  2. Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (1658–1659)