List of cities by GDP

This is a list of cities and/or their metropolitan areas in the world by GDP. The methodology may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for non-OECD cities (refer to sources for more information.)

This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information.
City/Metropolitan area Country Geographical
zone[1]		 Official est.
Nominal
GDP ($BN)		 Brookings Institution[2]
2014 est.
PPP-adjusted
GDP ($BN)		 PwC[3]
2008 est.
PPP-adjusted
GDP ($BN)		 McKinsey[4]
2010 est.
Nominal
GDP ($BN)		 Other est.
Nominal
GDP ($BN)
Aberdeen United Kingdom Northern Europe 11.3 (2008)[5]
Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Africa 13
Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Western Asia 119 [6] 178.3 67.1
Addis Ababa Ethiopia Africa 12
Adelaide Australia Oceania 65.8 (2011-12)[7] 47.4
Ahmedabad India South Asia 49 12
Albuquerque United States North America 42.046 (2014)[8] 39.9
Alexandria Egypt Africa 32.4 46
Algiers Algeria Africa 45
Amsterdam Netherlands Western Europe 320.6[Note 1] 47
Anápolis Brazil South America 6.740 (2011)[9]
Ankara Turkey Western Asia 104.9 58 64.9
Athens Greece Southern Europe 129.6 96
Atlanta United States North America 324.881 (2014)[8] 294.4 304 249.7 242.4[10]
Auckland New Zealand Oceania 49.5 55
Austin United States North America 115.262 (2014)[8] 107.4
Baghdad Iraq Western Asia 24
Santos Brazil South America 28.609 (2011)[9]
Baltimore United States North America 173.516 (2014)[8] 173.7 137 118.1[10]
Bandung Indonesia South-East Asia 21
Bangalore India South Asia 45.3 69 28.6
Bangkok Thailand South-East Asia 306.8 119 105.0
Barcelona Spain Southern Europe 171.0 177
Baton Rouge United States North America 51.149 (2014)[8] 53.5
Beijing China East Asia 506.1 166 206.2
Belfast United Kingdom Northern Europe 10.9 (2008)[5]
Belo Horizonte Brazil South America 54.996 (2011)[9] 84.7 61 78.5
Berlin Germany Western Europe 157.7 95
Bilbao Spain Southern Europe 38.5
Birmingham United Kingdom Northern Europe 121.1 90
Birmingham United States North America 62.187 (2014)[8] 54.164
Bogotá Colombia South America 159.9 100 221.1 (2015)
Boston United States North America 382.459 (2014)[8] 360.1 363 261.1[10]
Brasília Brazil South America 164.482 (2011)[9] 141.9 110 101.6
Bridgeport United States North America 97.225 (2014)[8]
Brisbane Australia Oceania 132.2 (2011-12)[11] 96.6
Bristol United Kingdom Northern Europe 47.7
Brussels Belgium Western Europe 254.3 83
Bucharest Romania Eastern Europe 72.4
Budapest Hungary Central Europe 98.0 53
Buenos Aires Argentina South America 315.9 362 191.7
Busan South Korea East Asia 296.5 121
Cairo Egypt Africa 102.2 145
Calgary Canada North America 97.9
Cambridge United Kingdom Northern Europe 18.6[12]
Campinas Brazil South America 40.525 (2011)[9] 59.3
Campo Grande Brazil South America 9.211 (2011)[9]
Campos dos Goytacazes Brazil South America 16.174 (2011)[9]
Cape Town South Africa Africa 58.9 103
Caracas Venezuela South America 51.8 41
Casablanca Morocco Africa 37.9 33
Changchun China East Asia 124.5 26
Changsha China East Asia 186.4 40.3
Changzhou China East Asia 110.9 34.3
Charlotte United States North America 143.628 (2014)[8] 126.2
Chengdu China East Asia 233.5 33 57.8
Chennai India South Asia 58.6 66 17
Chicago United States North America 612 (2014)[8] 563.2 574 496.4 461.4[10]
Chittagong Bangladesh South Asia 24
Chongqing China East Asia 232.22 315.6 57 88.6
Cincinnati United States North America 121.407 (2014)[8] 110.9
Cleveland United States North America 124.609 (2014)[8] 115.1 112 99.3[10]
Columbus United States North America 117.824 (2014)[8] 108.9
Copenhagen Denmark Northern Europe 127.0[Note 2] 49
Coventry United Kingdom Northern Europe 7.4 (2008)[5]
Curitiba Brazil South America 58.082 (2011)[9] 57.7 44
Daegu South Korea East Asia 54.5 43
Daejeon South Korea East Asia 39.6
Dalian China East Asia 198.8 53.8
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington United States North America 504.358 (2014)[8] 412.7 338 324.9 315.5[10]
Dar es Salaam Tanzania Africa 8
Delhi India South Asia 193.6 167 47.6
Denver United States North America 187.111 (2014)[8] 169.7 165 131.6[10]
Detroit United States North America 236.500 (2014)[8] 207.5 253 198.6[10]
Dhaka Bangladesh South Asia 78 29
Doha Qatar Western Asia 98.8
Dongguan China East Asia 141.1 62.7
Dubai United Arab Emirates Western Asia 82.9
Dublin Ireland Northern Europe 90.1 61
Durban South Africa Africa 48.9
East Rand South Africa Africa 55.3 54
Edinburgh United Kingdom Northern Europe 20.5 (2008)[5] 32.5
Edmonton Canada North America 83.0
Faisalabad Pakistan South Asia 42 35 23
Fortaleza Brazil South America 42.010 (2011)[9] 35.2 25
Foshan China East Asia 184.5 83.5
Frankfurt Germany Western Europe 230.0
Fukuoka–Kitakyushu Japan East Asia 185 (2013)[13] 193.3 88[Note 3] 157.3[14]
Fuzhou China East Asia 117.4 23.4
Glasgow United Kingdom Northern Europe 21.3[5] 56.7
Goiânia Brazil South America 22.763 (2011)[9]
Guadalajara Mexico North America 80.7 81
Guangzhou China East Asia 380.3 143 146.1
Gwangju South Korea East Asia 36.7
Hamburg Germany Western Europe 161.4 74
Hangzhou China East Asia 219.5 70.5
Hanoi Vietnam East Asia 42
Harbin China East Asia 127.9 38.8
Hartford United States North America 85.558 (2014)[8]
Hefei China East Asia 120.9 31.2
Helsinki Finland Northern Europe 77.1 58
Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam South-East Asia 71.1 58
Hong Kong China (SAR) East Asia 293 (2013)[15] 416.0 320 224.5 258.0[16]
Houston United States North America 525.397 (2014)[8] 483.2 297 341.1 316.3[10]
Huntsville United States North America 21.56 (2012)[8]
Hyderabad India South Asia 40.2 58 16
Indianapolis United States North America 125.864 (2014)[8] 113.606
Indore India South Asia
Islamabad Pakistan South Asia 33 25 17
Istanbul Turkey Southern Europe 348.7 182 188.2
Izmir Turkey Southern Europe 80.1 42
Jacksonville United States North America 65.085 (2014)[8] 63.8
Jaipur India South Asia 24 6
Jakarta Indonesia South-East Asia 321.3 92 70.7
Jeddah Saudi Arabia Western Asia 160.6 72 75.9
Jinan China East Asia 136.8 43.2
Johannesburg South Africa Africa 82.9 110
Jundiaí Brazil South America 20.081 (2011)[9]
Kabul Afghanistan South Asia 14
Kano Nigeria Africa 9
Kanpur India South Asia 26 4
Kansas City United States North America 121.638 (2014)[8] 105.9 91.2[10]
Karachi Pakistan South Asia 134 97.0 69 28
Karlsruhe Germany Western Europe 137.1
Katowice Poland Central Europe 122.3
Khartoum Sudan Africa 35
Kingston-upon-Hull United Kingdom Northern Europe 5.5 (2008)[5]
Kinshasa DR Congo Africa 17
Knoxville United States North America 37.487 (2014)[8] 38.3
Kolkata India South Asia 160.4 104 28
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia South-East Asia 171.8
Kuwait City Kuwait Western Asia 166.5 117.5
Lagos Nigeria Africa 74.67 (2010)[17] 35
Lahore Pakistan South Asia 76 59 40 13
Las Vegas United States North America 94.521 (2014)[8] 93.9
Leeds United Kingdom Northern Europe 74.6[Note 4] 60
Leicester United Kingdom Northern Europe 28.7[18]
Lille France Western Europe 98.5 33
Lima Peru South America 176.5 109 77.3
Lisbon Portugal Southern Europe 96.3 98
Liverpool United Kingdom Northern Europe 10.9 (2008)[5] 65.8
London United Kingdom Northern Europe 542 (2014)[19] 835.7 565 751.8
Los Angeles United States North America 866.745 (2014)[8] 860.5 792 731.8 632.4[10]
Louisville United States North America 67.329 (2014)[8] 62.397
Luanda Angola Africa 33 38.6
Lucknow India South Asia 22
Luton United Kingdom Northern Europe 7.2[20]
Lyon France Western Europe 97.0 69 197 [21]
Macau Macau SAR, China East Asia 53.9
Madrid Spain Southern Europe 262.3 230
Manaus Brazil South America 51.025 (2011)[9]
Manchester United Kingdom Northern Europe 92.3 85
Manila Philippines South-East Asia 182.8 149
Marseille France Western Europe 60.3
Medellín Colombia South America 43.5 50
Medan Indonesia South-East Asia 8.09[22]
Melbourne Australia Oceania 253.1 (2011-12)[23] 178.4 172 221.4
Memphis United States North America 69.882 (2014)[8] 65.0
Mexico City Mexico North America 403.6 390 255.1
Miami United States North America 299.161 (2014)[8] 262.7 292 235.9 231.8[10]
Milan Italy Southern Europe 312.1 136
Milwaukee United States North America 97.307 (2014)[8] 86.5
Minneapolis/St. Paul United States North America 235.733 (2014)[8] 211.4 194 171.6[10]
Monterrey Mexico North America 122.9 102
Montevideo Uruguay South America 42.2[24][Note 5]
Montreal Canada North America 155.9 148
Moscow Russia Eastern Europe 553.3 321 325.8
Mumbai India South Asia 209

(2014)[25]

 173.9 119 55.9
Munich Germany Western Europe 219.9 64
Nagoya Japan East Asia 368 (2013)[26] 363.8 256.3[27]
Nagpur India South Asia
Nairobi Kenya Africa 12
Nanjing China East Asia 147.8 (2015) 253.2(2015) 68.5
Naples Italy Southern Europe 43 (2005)[28] 85.5 51
Nashville United States North America 106.695 (2014)[8] 95.0
New Haven United States North America 44.858 (2014)[8] 53.3
New Orleans United States North America 80.278 (2014)[8] 74.2
New York City United States North America 1,558.518 (2014)[8] 1,403 1,406 1,180.3 1,056.4[10]
Newcastle United Kingdom Northern Europe 44.6
Nice France Western Europe 46.0
Ningbo China East Asia 179.0 45.0
Oklahoma City United States North America 72.629 (2014)[8] 70.010
Orlando United States North America 115.927 (2014)[8] 116.2
Osaka–Kobe Japan East Asia 584 (2013)[29] 671.3[Note 6] 417 612.8[30]
Oslo Norway Northern Europe 74.4 40
Oxnard United States North America 46.892 (2014)[8] 46.3
Paris France Western Europe 688 (2013)[31] 822.1 564 764.2
Patna India South Asia
Perth Australia Oceania 118.6 (2011-12)[32] 134.0
Philadelphia United States North America 391.118 (2014)[8] 346.5 388 314.5 295.2[10]
Phoenix United States North America 215.214 (2014)[8] 207.1 200 181.6 160[10]
Pittsburgh United States North America 135.662 (2014)[8] 138.4 99 102.1[10]
Portland United States North America 159.328 (2014)[8] 158.5 110 95.6[10]
Porto Portugal Southern Europe 43.0
Porto Alegre Brazil South America 45.506 (2011)[9] 62.1 66
Portsmouth United Kingdom Northern Europe 5.5 (2008)[5] 51.6[Note 7]
Prague Czech Republic Central Europe 89.2 49
Pretoria South Africa Africa 49.9
Providence United States North America 75.940 (2014)[8] 78.114
Puebla Mexico North America 38.1 42
Pune India South Asia 48 19
Pyongyang North Korea East Asia 11
Qingdao China East Asia 208.7 48.1
Raleigh United States North America 71.574 (2014)[8] 64.4
Rangoon Myanmar South-East Asia 24
Recife Brazil South America 36.448 (2011)[9] 40.5 35
Rhine-Ruhr Germany Western Europe 485.2 39[Note 8] 484.6
Richmond United States North America 70.491 (2014)[8] 71.589
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America 209.366 (2011)[9] 176.6 201 180.9
Riverside United States North America 133.983 (2014)[8] 154.904
Riyadh Saudi Arabia Western Asia 163.5 107 122.7
Rome Italy Southern Europe 163.2 144
Rotterdam Netherlands Western Europe 320.6[Note 9] 46
Sacramento United States North America 112.703 (2014)[8] 127.4
Salt Lake City United States North America 75.672 (2014)[8] 73.836
St. Louis United States North America 149.951 (2014)[8] 140.6 126 116.2[10]
Saint Petersburg Russia Eastern Europe 119.6 91
Salvador Brazil South America 38.819 (2011)[9] 38.5 10
San Antonio United States North America 104.787 (2014)[8] 102.771 146.3[10]
San Diego United States North America 206.817 (2014)[8] 202.5 191 172.9 146.3[10]
San Francisco United States North America 411.969 (2014)[8] 331.0 301 283.3 268.3[10]
San Jose United States North America 213.819 (2014)[8] 160.3
Santiago Chile South America 171.4 120 93.0
São José dos Campos Brazil South America 30.148 (2011)[9]
São José dos Pinhais Brazil South America 14.726 (2011)[9]
São Paulo Brazil South America 477.005 (2011)[9] 430.5 388 437.3
Seattle United States North America 300.827 (2014)[8] 267.5 235 211.0 182.2[10]
Seoul South Korea East Asia 688.2 (2014)[33] 845.9 291 233.3
Seville Spain Southern Europe 35.8
Shanghai China East Asia 384[34] 594.0 233 250.7 200.0[35]
Sheffield United Kingdom Northern Europe 12.2 (2008)[5] 39.8
Shenyang China East Asia 189.3 44 64.3
Shenzhen China East Asia 271.84 363.2 141.5
Singapore Singapore South-East Asia 263.6 (2011)[36][37] 365.9 215 222.7 267.9[38]
Sofia Bulgaria Eastern Europe 43.8
Sorocaba Brazil South America 21.313 (2011)[9]
Southampton United Kingdom Northern Europe 6.8 (2008)[39] 51.6[Note 10]
Stockholm Sweden Northern Europe 143.0 70 208[40]
Stuttgart Germany Western Europe 157.8
Surat India South Asia 36 14
Suzhou China East Asia 339.0 52.7
Sydney Australia Oceania 319.5 (2011-12)[41] 223.4 213 268.9
Taichung Taiwan East Asia 114.7
Taipei Taiwan East Asia 327.3 160.3 172.5[42]
Tampa United States North America 128.201 (2014)[8] 130.3 123 101[10]
Tangshan China East Asia 162.3 33.6
Tehran Iran South Asia 127
Tel Aviv Israel Western Asia 153.3 122 114.8
Tianjin China East Asia 234.91 372.0 74 128.8
Tokyo Japan East Asia 1,699 (2013)[43] 1,617 1,479 1,874.7 1,997.5[44]
1,797.9[45]
Toronto Canada North America 323 (2011)[46] 276.3 253 270.0
Tulsa United States North America 55.959 (2014)[8] 48.6 46.4[47]
Turin Italy Southern Europe 78.8 68
Uberlandia Brazil South America 14.728 (2011)[9]
Valencia Spain Southern Europe 52.7
Vancouver Canada North America 109.8 95
Vienna Austria Central Europe 183.7[Note 11] 122
Virginia Beach United States North America 90.772 (2014)[8] 92.1
Visakhapatnam India South Asia 6
Vitória Brazil South America 28.357 (2011)[9] 35.6
Warsaw Poland Central Europe 141.1 68
Washington, DC United States North America 471.584 (2014)[8] 442.2 375 392.2
Wuhan China East Asia 231.6 52 82.2
Wuxi China East Asia 211.5 47.0
Xiamen China East Asia 76.1 30.4
Xian China East Asia 124.2 31 40.6
Xuzhou China East Asia 113.2 22.4
Zürich Switzerland Western Europe 109.1 52
Notes
  1. ↑ This includes Rotterdam
  2. ↑ This includes Malmö
  3. ↑ This includes only Fukuoka
  4. ↑ This includes Bradford
  5. ↑ Projection for 2016 based on $33 billion in 2010 and $61 for 2025. ((($61/$33)^(1/15))^6)*$33= $42,192.990 million.
  6. ↑ This includes Kyoto
  7. ↑ This includes Southampton
  8. ↑ This includes only Cologne and Bonn in the PwC study
  9. ↑ This includes Amsterdam
  10. ↑ This includes Portsmouth
  11. ↑ This includes Bratislava

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  2. ↑ "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  3. ↑ "Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  4. ↑ "The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "2008 estimate" (xls). Office for National Statistics. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  6. ↑ "Abu Dhabi Economic Report" (pdf).
  7. ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 65,711 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$65.8 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 "ECONOMIC GROWTH WIDESPREAD ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS IN 2013. Advance 2014, and Revised 2001 – 2013 GDP-by-Metropolitan-Area Statistics" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department of Commerce. September 23, 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "Posição ocupada pelos maiores municípios brasileiros em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto, Est. 2011". IBGE. 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "2005 est. / Metropolitan Area G" (PDF).
  11. ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 131,999 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$132.2 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
  12. ↑ "Booming city adding £12 billion to GDP". Cambridge News. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  13. ↑ Approx., 2013 est. / GDP of Fukuoka Prefecture is 19.0 trillion yen (approximately US$185 billion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  14. ↑ 2010 est. / JPY 13,811 billion according to Urban Employment Area. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.
  15. ↑ "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "2012 est. / CIA World Factbook: Hong Kong". CIA. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  17. ↑ "Lagos Gross Domestic Product" (PDF). Lagos State Government. 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "Leicester" (PDF). Leicester and Leicestershire Enterprise Partnership. Autumn 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2013. /catid/22/ LLEP
  19. ↑ 2014 est. / Office for National Statistics 364.310 million GBP, i.e. US$542 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2015 pound/dollar exchange rate
  20. ↑ "GDP". Timetric. 1 January 2010.
  21. ↑ "GDP of Lyon". Insee. October 2014. /catid/22/ LLEP
  22. ↑ http://www.sumutprov.go.id/untuk-dunia-usaha/perekonomian-daerah. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 252,732 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$353.1 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
  24. ↑ "Global Cities of the Future". McKinsey. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  25. ↑ "Pwc". Archived from the original on 4 May 2011.
  26. ↑ Approx., 2013 est. / GDP of Aichi Prefecture is 37.8 trillion yen (approximately US$368 billion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  27. ↑ 2010 est. / JPY 22,497 billion according to Urban Employment Area. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.
  28. ↑ "2005 est. / City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". Citymayors.com. 2007-03-11. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  29. ↑ Approx., 2013 est. / GDP of Prefecture of Osaka and Hyōgo is 60.0 trillion yen (approximately US$584 billion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  30. ↑ 2010 est. / JPY 53,790 billion according to Urban Employment Area. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.
  31. ↑ 2013 est. / INSEE €631,614million according to INSEE, i.e. US$688 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2015 euro/dollar exchange rate
  32. ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 118,464 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$118.6 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
  33. ↑ 2014 est. Statistics Korea 2014 average exchange rate at 1,053KRW per USD.
  34. ↑ "City's GDP growth slows to 7% in 2014". www.shanghaidaily.com. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  35. ↑ "2008 est. / Global woes pinch rise in city GDP". ShanghaiDaily. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  36. ↑ "2011 est. / Singapore: Economic Indicators". Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  37. ↑ Singapore GDP in 2011 estimate is 326.8 Billion SGD, which is equivalent to 263.6 Billion USD using 3 February 2013 exchange rate
  38. ↑ "2012 est. / CIA World Factbook: Singapore". CIA. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  39. ↑ Hampshire County Council, 2008. Economic performance – State of the economy.
  40. ↑ http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/
  41. ↑ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 319,014 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$319.5 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
  42. ↑ 2009 est. Taipei city has second-highest per capita GDP in Asia
  43. ↑ Approx., 2013 est. / GDP of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Prefecture of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba) is 175 trillion yen (approximately US$1.7 trillion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  44. ↑ "2009 est. / World's Largest Metropolitan Regions by LRP" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved March 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  45. ↑ 2010 est. / JPY 157,820 billion according to Urban Employment Area. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo.
  46. ↑ http://www.greatertoronto.org/why-greater-toronto/top-ten-reasons
  47. ↑ 2011 est., U.S. Metro Economies by IHS Global Insight for The U.S. Conference of Mayors
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