List of Jewish chess players
Mikhail Tal 1961
Jewish players and game theoreticians have long been involved in the game of chess and have significantly contributed to the development of chess, which has been described as the "Jewish National game".
Although making up less than 0.2% of the world's population, of the first 13 undisputed world champions, over 50% were Jewish, including the first two. The Modern school of chess espoused by Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch; the Hypermodernism influenced by Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti; and the Soviet Chess School promoted by Mikhail Botvinnik were all strongly influenced by Jewish players. Other influential Jewish chess theoreticians, writers and players include Zukertort, Tartakower, Lasker, Rubinstein, Breyer, Spielmann, Reshevsky, Fine, Bronstein, Najdorf, Tal, Fischer, and Polgár.[1][2][3] Professor Arpad Elo, the inventor of the scientific rating system employed by the FIDE analysed some 476 major tournament players from the nineteenth century onward and of the fifty-one highest ranked players, approximately one-half were Jewish.[4] One of the strongest ever players was the half Jewish Garry Kasparov, who was world No. 1 from 1985 until his retirement in 2005; however Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian"[5] preferring to follow his mother's faith. The strongest female chess player in history by far is the Jewish Judit Polgár.[6] There is currently a strong Jewish presence among the world's best players. Currently, the world number two, Levon Aronian from Armenia, is half-Jewish. Beersheba in Israel is the city with the most chess grandmasters per capita in the world.[7] Israel has also won one silver and one bronze medal at Chess Olympiads.[8]
The topic of Jewish participation in chess is discussed extensively in academic and popular literature. One such book devoted to the topic is The Great Jewish Chess Champions by Harold U. Ribalow and Meir Z. Ribalow, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-87052-305-8. Others include Chess, Jews, and history, by Victor Keats, 1994, Oxford Academia Publishers, ISBN 1-899237-00-3, Chess Among the Jews: A Translation and Explanation of the Work of Moritz Steinschneider, by Victor Keats, 1995, ISBN 1-899237-02-X, Chess in Jewish history and Hebrew literature, by Victor Keats, 1995, Magnes Press, ISBN 965-223-915-1, and Can I Play Chess on Shabbas, by Joe Bobker, 2008, ISBN 965-229-422-5. See also Jewish chess masters on stamps, by Felix Berkovich and N. J. Divinsky, McFarland, 2000, ISBN 0-7864-0683-6. H.G. Wells, himself a chessplayer, discusses the eminence of the Jewish race in chess, in his History of the World. The Museum of Jewish Heritage is developing a special gallery relating to Jews in sports and chess, which will recognize "major Jewish chess players such as Garry Kasparov, Mikhail Tal, and Judith Polgar".[9]
List
The list refers to chess players who are Jews and have attained outstanding achievements in chess. Bold face denotes current competitor.
- Aaron (Albert) Alexandre, German-born French-English[10]
- Simon Alapin, Lithuanian[11][12]
- Lev Alburt, Russian/American[13]
- Lev Aronin, Russian/Soviet[13]
- Levon Aronian, Armenian grandmaster, World Cup champion[14]
- Arnold Aurbach, Polish-born French
- Yuri Averbakh, Russian grandmaster, 2445[15]
- Anjelina Belakovskaia, Ukrainian-born US woman grandmaster
- Alexander Beliavsky, Ukrainian-born Soviet/Slovenian grandmaster[13]
- Ossip Bernstein, Ukrainian-born French grandmaster[11]
- Arthur Bisguier, US grandmaster, 2455[16]
- Isaac Boleslavsky, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster[17]
- Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian/Soviet grandmaster & World champion[16]
- David Bronstein, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster, 2590[11]
- Oscar Chajes, Ukrainian/Polish/Austrian-born US[18]
- Vitaly Chekhover, Russian
- Erich Cohn, German[19]
- Wilhelm Cohn, German[20]
- Moshe Czerniak, Polish-born Palestinian/Israeli[21]
- Arnold Denker, US grandmaster, 2293[22]
- Daniil Dubov, Russian grandmaster[16]
- Arthur Dunkelblum, Polish-born Belgian[23]
- Roman Dzindzichashvili, Georgian-born Israeli American grandmaster, 2550
- Berthold Englisch, Austrian[24]
- Larry Evans, US grandmaster, 2530[16]
- Reuben Fine, US grandmaster[25]
- Bobby Fischer, US grandmaster & World champion[16]
- Alexander Flamberg, Polish[26]
- Salo Flohr, Ukrainian-born Czech & Soviet grandmaster[27]
- Paulino Frydman, Polish-born Argentine[11]
- Boris Gelfand, Belarusian-born Israeli grandmaster, World Cup champion[13]
- Efim Geller, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster[16]
- Harry Golombek, English[16]
- Eduard Gufeld, Ukrainian grandmaster, 2565[28]
- Boris Gulko, German-born Russian US grandmaster, 2644[29]
- Isidor Gunsberg, Hungarian-born English[16]
- Ilya Gurevich, Russian-born US grandmaster & junior World champion, 2575[30]
- Mikhail Gurevich, Ukrainian-born Russian Turkish grandmaster, 2694[13]
- Lev Gutman, Latvian-born Israeli German grandmaster, 2547[31]
- Daniel Harrwitz, Prussian/Polish/German-born English French[32]
- Israel Horowitz, US[16]
- Bernhard Horwitz, German-born English[16]
- Dawid Janowski, Belarusian/Polish-born French grandmaster[27]
- Max Judd, US[16]
- Gregory Kaidanov, Ukrainian-born Russian US grandmaster, 2695[33]
- Julio Kaplan, Argentine-born Puerto Rican US grandmaster & World junior champion[11]
- Mona May Karff, Moldovan-born US woman master[16]
- Isaac Kashdan, US grandmaster[11]
- Garry Kasparov (born "Garry Weinstein"), The offspring of an Azeri-born Jewish father & an ethnic Armenian mother ("née Gasparian"), Establishing himself as a highly successful Soviet/Russian grandmaster & World champion from a young age, Kasparov dominated the chess world until his retirement on March 10, 2005. He is often considered by chess aficionados, professional analysts as well as his fellow players & peers, to be the greatest chess player of all time.[34]
- Alexander Khalifman, Russian grandmaster & World champion, 2702[35]
- Ignatz von Kolisch, Hungarian/Slovakian-born Austrian grandmaster[16]
- George Koltanowski, Belgian-born US grandmaster[16]
- Viktor Korchnoi, Russian-born Dutch Swiss grandmaster, 2695[16]
- Yair Kraidman, Israeli grandmaster, 2455[36]
- Abraham Kupchik, Belarusian/Polish-born US[16]
- Alla Kushnir, Russian Israeli woman grandmaster, 2430[16]
- Salo Landau, Polish-born Dutch, killed by the Nazis[37]
- Edward Lasker, Polish/German-born US[38]
- Emanuel Lasker, Prussian/German/Polish-born US grandmaster & World champion[16]
- Anatoly Lein, Russian/Soviet/American grandmaster[13]
- Grigory Levenfish, Polish/Russian-born grandmaster[39]
- Irina Levitina, Russian-born US woman grandmaster[16]
- Vladimir Liberzon, Russian-born Israeli grandmaster[40]
- Andor Lilienthal, Russian-born Hungarian/Soviet grandmaster[41]
- Samuel Lipschütz, Austria-Hungary/American[13]
- Johann Löwenthal, Hungarian-born US English[16]
- Moishe Lowtzky, Ukrainian-born Polish, killed by Nazis
- Gyula Makovetz, Hungarian
- Jonathan Mestel, British grandmaster & World U-16 champion, 2540
- Jacques Mieses, German-born English grandmaster[16]
- Miguel Najdorf, Polish-born Argentine grandmaster[16]
- Ian Nepomniachtchi, Russian grandmaster[41]
- Aron Nimzowitsch, Latvian-born Danish[27]
- Isaias Pleci, Argentine[42]
- Judit Polgár, Hungarian grandmaster, 2735[16]
- Susan Polgár, Hungarian-born US grandmaster & World champion, 2577[43]
- Zsófia Polgár, Hungarian-born Israeli international master, 2500[16]
- Lev Polugaevsky, Belarusian/Soviet grandmaster, 2640[44]
- Dawid Przepiórka, Polish, killed by Nazis[11]
- Lev Psakhis, Russian/Soviet/Israeli grandmaster[13]
- Abram Rabinovich, Lithuanian/Russian[13]
- Ilya Rabinovich, Russian[13]
- Teimour Radjabov, Azerbaijani grandmaster[13]
- Nukhim Rashkovsky, Russian grandmaster[13]
- Samuel Reshevsky, Polish-born US grandmaster[45]
- Richard Réti, Slovakian/Hungarian-born Czech[27]
- Maxim Rodshtein, Israeli U-16 World champion
- Kenneth Rogoff, US grandmaster
- Samuel Rosenthal, Polish-born French[20]
- Eduardas Rozentalis, Lithuanian grandmaster[13]s
- Akiba Rubinstein, Polish grandmaster[45]
- Gersz Salwe, Polish grandmaster[11]
- Yury Shulman, Belarussian/Soviet/American grandmaster
- Gennady Sosonko, Russian-born Dutch grandmaster[46]
- Jon Speelman, English grandmaster[11]
- Rudolf Spielmann, Austrian-born Swedish[27]
- Leonid Stein, Ukrainian-born Russian grandmaster[47]
- Endre Steiner, Hungarian
- Herman Steiner, Slovakian/Hungarian-born US[48]
- Lajos Steiner, Romanian/Hungarian-born Australian[49]
- Wilhelm Steinitz, Czech-born Austrian & US grandmaster & World champion[11]
- Emil Sutovsky, Israeli grandmaster, 2697[50]
- Peter Svidler, Russian grandmaster, World Cup champion[13]
- László Szabó, Hungarian grandmaster[51]
- Mark Taimanov, Soviet/Russian grandmaster[52]
- Mikhail Tal, Soviet/Latvian grandmaster & World champion, 2645[11]
- Siegbert Tarrasch, Polish/German grandmaster & Senior World champion[53]
- Savielly Tartakower, Russian-born Austrian/Polish/French grandmaster[45]
- Anna Ushenina, Ukraine-born Women's World Champion[54]
- Anatoly Vaisser, Kazakh-born Soviet/French grandmaster[13]
- Max Weiss, Slovakian/Hungarian-born Austrian[16]
- Simon Winawer, Polish[16]
- Leonid Yudasin, Russian-born Israeli grandmaster, 2692[55]
- Tatiana Zatulovskaya, Azeri-born Russian Israeli woman grandmaster[11]
- Johannes Zukertort, Polish-born German English[16]
See also
- List of Jewish American sportspeople
- List of Jewish sportscasters and promoters
- List of Jews in sports
- Jewish Sports Review
- International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, Netanya, Israel
- US National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and Museum, Commack, New York
References
- ↑ Winter, Edward. "Chess and Jews". chesshistory.com. Retrieved 2003. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Greatest Chess Players". Chessgame.com.
- ↑ Berkovich, Felix (2000). Jewish Chess Masters on Stamps. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. Chapter 5.
- ↑ Elo, Arpad (1978). The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present. New York: ARCO.
- ↑ Garry Kasparov
- ↑ "World Top Chess players". FIDE.
- ↑ Rabinowitz, Gavin. "Beersheba Masters Kings, Knights, Pawns". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 30, 2005.
- ↑ http://www.olimpbase.org/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olimpbase.org%2Folympiads%2Fmen_results.html
- ↑ "Sports & Chess". The National Museum of Jewish Heritage. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ↑ Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler. The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times. 4. KTAV. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Felix Berkovich, N. J. Divinsky (2000). Jewish Chess Masters on Stamps. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0683-6. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ↑ S. Tinsley (1892). The Dresden Tournament: A Review. The British Chess Magazine. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Jewish Chess Players". JInfo.org. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
- ↑ "Chairman of the board". Haaretz.
- ↑ David Spanier (1984). Total chess. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24302-X. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Peter S. Horvitz (2007). The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes: An Illustrated Compendium of Sports History and The 150 Greatest Jewish Sports Stars. SP Books. ISBN 1-56171-907-2. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records, and Important Games. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ American Jewish year book. December 3, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ The bloodless pogrom. October 23, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- 1 2 Chess, JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2010-06-21.
- ↑ The Jews. January 23, 1995. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Jews in sports. October 9, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ The Chess player's chronicle. May 14, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ ".". The Jewish Record. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ↑ The Oxford companion to chess. September 10, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Alekhine's Anguish: A Novel of the Chess World. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jews of hope. February 16, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry: Biographies, A-I. August 28, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ↑ The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry: Biographies, A-I. August 28, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The British chess magazine. May 22, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Google.com. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ "Jews in Sports: Chess". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ↑ The British chess magazine. January 21, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Oxford companion to chess. September 10, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jew in American sports. June 4, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The economist. October 14, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Total chess. July 28, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- 1 2 "2013 Maccabiah Games - The Jewish Olympics". July 24, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ↑ Enciclopedia judaica castellana: El ... September 1, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/JuditPolgar.html
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- 1 2 3 The Jewish 100: a ranking of the ... Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ↑ jewish chess "Sosonko". Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ The Jewish lists: physicists and ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Curse of Kirsan: Adventures in the Chess Underworld. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Shush!: growing up Jewish under ... Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ↑ Chess life. January 20, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ↑ http://newsru.co.il/sport/22apr2016/enc910.html
- ↑ Game of Kings: A Year Among the Geeks, Oddballs, and Geniuses Who Make Up America's Top High School Chess Team. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Books
- Jews and the Sporting Life, Vol. 23 of Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Ezra Mendelsohn, Oxford University Press US, 2009, ISBN 0-19-538291-9
- The Big Book of Jewish Athletes: Two Centuries of Jews in Sports – a Visual History, Peter S. Horvitz, Joachim Horvitz, S P I Books, 2007, ISBN 1-56171-927-7
- The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes: An Illustrated Compendium of Sports History and The 150 Greatest Jewish Sports Stars, Peter S. Horvitz, SP Books, 2007, ISBN 1-56171-907-2
- Jews, Sports, and the Rites of Citizenship, Jack Kugelmass, University of Illinois Press, 2007, ISBN 0-252-07324-X
- Emancipation through Muscles: Jews and Sports in Europe, Michael Brenner, Gideon Reuveni, translated by Brenner, Reuveni, U of Nebraska Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8032-1355-7
- Judaism's Encounter with American Sports, Jeffrey S. Gurock, Indiana University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-253-34700-9
- Great Jews in Sports, Robert Slater, Jonathan David Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-8246-0453-9
- Jewish Sports Legends: the International Jewish Hall of Fame, 3rd Ed, Joseph Siegman, Brassey's, 2000, ISBN 1-57488-284-8
- Sports and the American Jew, Steven A. Riess, Syracuse University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8156-2754-8
- Ellis Island to Ebbets Field: Sport and the American Jewish Experience, Peter Levine, Oxford University Press US, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508555-8
- The Jewish Athletes Hall of Fame, B. P. Robert Stephen Silverman, Shapolsky Publishers, 1989, ISBN 0-944007-04-X
- The Great Jewish Chess Champions, Harold U. Ribalow, Meir Z. Ribalow, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-87052-305-8
- From the Ghetto to the Games: Jewish Athletes in Hungary, Andrew Handler, East European Monographs, 1985, ISBN 0-88033-085-6
- The Jew in American Sports, Harold Uriel Ribalow, Meir Z. Ribalow, Edition 4, Hippocrene Books, 1985, ISBN 0-88254-995-2
- The Jewish Athlete: A Nostalgic View, Leible Hershfield, s.n., 1980
- Encyclopedia of Jews in Sports, Bernard Postal, Jesse Silver, Roy Silver, Bloch Pub. Co., 1965
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