List of Jesuits
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This is an alphabetical list of historically notable members of the Society of Jesus.
A
- José de Acosta, Spanish historian; author of The Natural and Moral History of the Indies
- François d'Aguilon, Belgian mathematician and physicist
- Mateo Aimerich, Spanish philologist
- Edward Alacampe, English philosopher; Procurator of Rome.
- Giulio Alenio, Italian missionary to China, called the "Confucius of the West"
- Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit, missionary to Wisconsin
- Diego Francisco Altamirano, Spanish author
- Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, French missionary to China
- José de Anchieta, Portuguese missionary in Brazil, founder of São Paulo, Brazil
- Saint Modeste Andlauer, martyred in China
- Yves Marie André, French mathematician, philosopher, and essayist
- Juan Andrés, prolific 18th-century Spanish writer
- Carl J. Armbruster SJ, The Vision Of Paul Tillich, 1967. Paul Tillichs Philosophy of Science, Culture and Religion
- Johannes Arnoldi, Johannes Arnoldi German missionary, martyred in Germany
- Saint Edmund Arrowsmith, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
- Pedro Arrupe, 28th Superior General of the Society of Jesus, led the first rescue party in Hiroshima after the dropping of the atomic bomb
- Xabier Arzalluz, Spanish Basque leader; later left the Society
- Miguel de Ayatumo, a venerated Filipino seminarian dubbed as "Saint Aloysius Gonzaga of the Philippines"
- Anthony Azzarto, American educator at Saint Peter's Preparatory High School in Jersey City, New Jersey
B
- Jakob Balde, German latinist, court chaplain to Maximillian I
- John Ballard, English Jesuit priest executed for being involved in an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England
- Robert Ballecer a technology expert and host on the technology broadcaster TWiT.tv he is also known as the Digital Jesuit
- Hans Urs von Balthasar, 20th-century theologian, Jesuit from 1928 to 1950 when he left the order to found a new community with Adrienne von Speyr
- Ignacio Martín-Baró, martyr in El Salvador
- Augustin Barruel, French writer
- Michel Baudouin, Superior-General of the Louisiana Mission (1749 to 1763)
- Joseph Bayma, wrote "Molecular Mechanics" in 1866...
- Augustin Bea, German cardinal, Ecumenist at the Vatican II council
- Johann Adam Schall von Bell, German missionary to China; astronomer
- Saint Robert Bellarmine, Italian Cardinal and theologian, Doctor of the Church
- Franz Jozef van Beeck, Dutch theologian who taught in the US
- Joop Beek, Dutch and Indonesian educator and presidential political advisor
- Saint John Berchmans, Jesuit Seminarian from Belgium
- Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Argentinian, first Jesuit to be elected Pope (2013)
- Prosper Bernard, a Canadian missionary to China, killed by the Japanese
- Joaquin G. Bernas, Filipino constitutionalist
- Daniel Berrigan, American political activist, poet, and professor at Fordham University
- Saint Jacques Berthieu, French Jesuit priest, missionary and first blessed Martyr of Madagascar
- Giuseppe Biancani, a very early selenographer
- Jacob Bidermann, theologian and playwright - inspired Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Jean de Brebeuf
- Jacques de Billy, "pen-pal" of Pierre de Fermat, many early contributions in number theory.
- Leopold Biwald, 18th-century Austrian physics professor and textbook author
- Saint Andrew Bobola, Polish missionary, killed by the Cossacks
- Saint Francis Borgia, third Superior General of the Society
- Ruđer Bošković, Croatian scientist, many contributions to physics and astronomy
- Giovanni Botero, Italian thinker, discharged from the Society in 1579
- Joachim Bouvet, early missionary to China and a leading member of the Figurist movement
- Louis Bourdaloue, French preacher and orator
- William S. Bowdern, exorcist who inspired the novel and film The Exorcist
- Greg Boyle, director and founder of Homeboy Industries
- Niklaus Brantschen, Swiss Zen master, author, and founder of the Lassalle-Institut
- Saint Jean de Brébeuf, 17th-century French-Canadian missionary and martyr
- Saint Alexander Briant, English martyr
- Frank Brennan, Officer of the Order of Australia for services to Aboriginal Australians
- Franz Brentano, philosopher who founded his own school of thought, the Brentano School...
- Saint John de Brito, Portuguese martyr and missionary to Madura, India (present-day Tamil Nadu)
- Stephen Brown (Jesuit), founder of the Central Catholic Library
- Claude Buffier, aimed to discover the ultimate principal of knowledge, praised by Voltaire
- William J. Byron, President of the University of Scranton (1975-1982), President of Catholic University of America (1982-1992), Interim President of Loyola University New Orleans (2003-2004), President of St. Joseph's Preparatory School (2006-2008)
C
- Niccolò Cabeo, many early contributions to physics
- Saint Edmund Campion, English martyr
- Saint Petrus Canisius, Dutch theologian, writer of the widely used Little Catechism; Doctor of the Church
- John Carroll, first bishop of the United States and founder of Georgetown University
- Paolo Casati, Mathematician, supported Galileo..
- John II Casimir Vasa, king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- Louis Bertrand Castel, French Scientist
- Leonardo Castellani, 20th-century Argentine writer and theologian
- Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian Jesuit brother; artist to the Chinese Emperor
- Saint Juan del Castillo, martyr of the Río de la Plata
- Jean Pierre de Caussade, spiritual director, college rector, and author of Abandonment to Divine Providence
- Michel de Certeau, French cultural theorist
- Francesco Cetti, mathematician and zoologist
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French paleontologist, theologian/philosopher and spiritual writer
- Saint Noël Chabanel, North American martyr
- Pierre Cholenec, Superior of Montreal
- Walter Ciszek, missionary and religious prisoner in Soviet Union; author
- Saint Peter Claver, Spanish missionary in South America
- Christopher Clavius main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar
- Saint Claude de la Colombière, preacher to the seventh Duchess of York, Mary of Modena
- Louis le Comte, early missionary to China
- Guy Consolmagno, Vatican Astronomer
- Frederick Copleston, English writer, author of the definitive History of Philosophy
- John M. Corridan, labor activist and "Waterfront priest" whose story inspired the classic film On the Waterfront
- Horacio de la Costa, Philippine historian and the first Filipino Jesuit provincial superior in the Philippines
- Jacques Courtois, 17th-century French painter
- Saint Roque González de Santa Cruz, Paraguayan missionary and martyr
- Johann Baptist Cysat, published the first printed European book concerning Japan
- Stanisław Czerski, Polish graphic designer
D
- Claude Dablon, Superior General of all the Canadian missions from 1670 to 1680
- Saint Antoine Daniel, North American martyr
- Cardinal Jean Daniélou, author, scholar, and member of the French Academy
- John Dear, American peace activist and spiritual author
- Alfred Delp, German hanged for his opposition to Hitler
- Saint Paul Denn, martyred in China
- Robert De Nobili, Famous Italian missionary to India (Madurai Mission, who tried to inculturate Christian values to the Indian culture
- Henri Depelchin, Belgian missionary, pioneer, writer and educator in India and Africa
- Pierre-Jean De Smet, active missionary among the Native Americans of the Western United States in the mid-19th century
- Richard De Smet, Jesuit Indologist (Sankara specialist), Professor of Phisosophy, JnanaDeep Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; prolific writer and contributor to the Marathi Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
- Salvatore di Pietro, Italian missionary and first apostolic prefect to Belize, Central America
- Eduardo Dougherty, American-Brazilian educator, communicator and leader of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal in Brazil
- Robert Drinan, the first Catholic priest to serve as a voting member of U.S. Congress (congressman from Massachusetts)[1]
- Gabriel Druillettes, the Apostle of Maine, missionary and explorer
- Cardinal Avery Dulles, American theologian and professor at Fordham University
- Jacques Dupuis, Theologian, edited The Christian Faith which went to seven editions
E
- Ignacio Ellacuría, rector of University of Central America; murdered in 1989
- Saint Philip Evans, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
F
- Saint Peter Faber, early companion of Ignatius of Loyola, co-founder of the Society of Jesus; missionary in Germany
- Honoré Fabri, the first to explain why the sky is blue
- Jean-Charles della Faille, first to determine the center of gravity of the sector of a circle
- Thomas Falkner, English Jesuit missionary
- Leonard Feeney, ultra-conservative American theologian
- Joseph M. Finotti, pastor of Saint Mary's parish in Alexandria, Virginia; pastor of Saint Ignatius parish in Oxon Hill, Maryland; librarian at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.
- Jean de Fontaney, missionary to China
- Balthazar Francolini, attritionist professor at the Gregorian University who wrote Clericus Romanus Contra Nimium Rigorismum Munitus in 1707 against Jansenism.
- Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary to Japan; author of a history of Japan
G
- Marion M. Ganey, pioneer in credit union and coop movement in British Honduras and in the South Pacific
- Saint Henry Garnet, first English Provincial; executed after being implicated in the Gunpowder Plot
- Saint Charles Garnier, North America martyr
- John Gerard, English Jesuit; one of the few men to escape from the Tower of London
- Jean-François Gerbillon, early missionary to China
- Filippo Salvatore Gilii, contributor in the field of South American historical linguistics
- Paul Goethals, Belgian, first Archbishop of Calcutta
- Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian priest; patron saint of students
- Thyrsus González, Spanish 13th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- John Goodman, jailed in England during the Long Parliament
- Saint John Soan de Goto, martyred in Japan
- Saint René Goupil, Jesuit brother and North American martyr
- Baltasar Gracián, Spanish prose writer
- Francesco Maria Grimaldi, 17th-century Italian mathematician, physicist and astronomer; accurately mapped the Moon; one of the first to suggest the wave-like nature of light
- Paul Guldin father of Guldinus theorem
- José Gumilla, Naturalist who studied the Orinoco, South America
- Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazilian-Portuguese priest and mathematician; said to be an early inventor of the dirigible
H
- Juraj Habdelić, Croatian writer and lexicographer
- Walter Halloran, assistant in the exorcism which inspired the novel and film The Exorcist
- John Hardon, wrote The Catholic Catechism and many other works
- Timothy Healy, late president of Georgetown University and president of the New York Public Library system
- Martin Heidegger, German philosopher (spent a very short time as a novice before beginning his philosophical career)
- David Francis Hickey, American missionary bishop of Belize, Central America
- Robert Louis Hodapp, American missionary bishop of Belize, Central America
- John-Baptist Hoffmann, German Apostle of the Mundas in India
- Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein, missionary to China that was made a mandarin
- Christopher Holywood, Irish priest of the Counter-Reformation
- Eduardo Hontiveros, Filipino philosopher, theologian and composer of sacred and liturgical music
- Frederick C. Hopkins, English missionary to Belize Central America; bishop and vicar apostolic
- Gerard Manley Hopkins, renowned English poet
- Johann Baptiste Horvath, 18th-century Hungarian/Slovak physics professor and textbook author
- Franz Hunolt, German priest and author
- Saint Alberto Hurtado, social reformer in Chile
I
- Blessed John Ingram
- Saint Rémy Isoré, martyred in China
- Angelo Italia, 17th century Sicilian architect
J
- Andreas Jaszlinszky, 18th-century Hungarian physics professor and textbook author
- Saint Francis de Geronimo, Italian priest and missionary
- Franz Jetzinger, theology professor, Austrian political figure, and principal biographer of Adolf Hitler's early years
- Pierre Johanns, Luxemburger priest and missionary in India
- Saint Isaac Jogues, 17th-century French martyr and missionary to North America
- Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez, Mexican priest, executed during the persecution of the Catholic Church under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles
K
- Georg Joseph Kamel Czech botanist assigned to the Philippines; the Camellia flower was named after him
- Sebastian Kappen, Indian theologian
- Eusebio Francisco Kino, missionary and cartographer of Mexico and Arizona
- Athanasius Kircher, 17th-century German scientist; discoverer of microbes
- Saint James Kisai, Japanese martyr
- Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician and clockmaker
- Anthony Kohlmann, early Catholic priest in New York whose decision not to testify established American precedent for "priest-penitent privilege" or "clergy confidentiality" in law
- Peter Hans Kolvenbach, linguist; 29th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Cardinal Ján Chryzostom Korec, Prisoner for Christ
- Saint Stanislaus Kostka, patron saint of Jesuit novices
- Franz Xaver Kugler, Doctor of chemistry and mathematics. Famous also for his Babylonian studies
- Kurien Kunnumpuram, Indian theologian (ecclesiology)
L
- Saint Jean de Lalande, North American martyr
- Saint Gabriel Lalemant, North American martyr
- Brendan Lally, Famous North American spiritual director at the University of Scranton, Pontifical North American College, and Saint Joseph's University
- Stephen Francis Latchford, North American spiritual leader and industrial relations expert.
- Georges Lemaître, Belgian physicist; one of the originators of the "Big Bang" theory
- Leonardus Lessius, Belgian moral theologian and writer on economics
- Léon Degrelle, Belgian far-right leader and soldier
- Saint David Lewis, Welsh martyr
- Constant Lievens, the Apostle of Chotanagpur, a Flemish Jesuit who worked among the Adivasis of Central India
- Segundo Llorente, Spanish-born priest in rural western Alaska; was elected by write-in vote to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1960 by residents of the Wade Hampton district,[2] becoming the first Catholic priest to serve in a U.S. state legislature[3]
- John K. Locke, expert on Newar buddhism; conducted pioneering research on the Buddhist monastic architecture in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
- Bernard Lonergan, Canadian philosopher and theologian, Companion of the Order of Canada
- Saint Ignatius of Loyola, co-founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Cardinal Henri de Lubac, French theologian, and patrologist
M
- Marius Macrionitis, Archbishop of Athens
- Louis Maimbourg
- Joseph Maréchal, Belgian transcendental philosopher
- Juan de Mariana
- Jacques Marquette, French explorer of the Mississippi and Northern Michigan areas
- James Martin, author of My Life With the Saints and The Jesuit Guide to (Almost) Everything; Culture Editor of the America magazine
- Malachi Martin, author of sixteen books, had three Ph.Ds, spoke ten languages
- Ignacio Martín-Baró, martyr of El Salvador
- Martino Martini, Italian missionary to China, linguist and published the first Chinese Atlas and the first Ancient History and a chronicle of the tartarian war
- Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, Italian scripture scholar, Archbishop Emeritus of Milan
- William Francis Masterson, American educator to the Philippines; (Ateneo de Manila University, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan), founder of the Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan College of Agriculture
- Saint Lèon-Ignance Mangin, martyred in China
- Blessed Julien Maunoir, 17th-century missionary to the Breton people
- Blessed Rupert Mayer, Servant of God, resisted the Nazis
- John McElroy – One of two of the Army's first Catholic Chaplains. Chaplain during the Mexican–American War, founder of St. John's Literary Institute, Boston College High School, and Boston College.[4]
- Horace McKenna, founder of So Others Might Eat and advocate of the Sursum Corda Cooperative
- John McLaughlin, American political commentator; left the Jesuits after a failed bid for a Senate seat in Rhode Island
- Anthony de Mello, Indian spiritual guide and writer
- Everard Mercurian, Belgian, 4th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Brice Meuleman, Belgian, 2nd Archbishop of Calcutta (now Kolkata)
- Saint Paulo Miki, Japanese martyr
- Jorge Loring Miró, Spanish Jesuit
- Segundo Montes, martyr of El Salvador
- Saint Henry Morse, English martyr
- Simon Le Moyne, New World explorer
- Joseph Anthony Murphy, Irish missionary, bishop and vicar apostolic to Belize, Central America
- John Courtney Murray, American theologian credited with the drafting of the Second Vatican Council Declaration on Religious Freedom
N
- John E. Naus, dean of students and associate professor at Marquette University
- Bienvenido Nebres, Philippine National Scientist, mathematician & former president of the Ateneo de Manila University
- Oswald von Nell-Breuning German 'father' of Catholic social teaching (1890-1991)
- Adolfo Nicolás, 30th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Roberto de Nobili, Italian missionary to India; linguist
- Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese founder of the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro
- Charles de Noyelle, Belgian 12th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
O
- Bernard Michael O'Brien, New Zealand Jesuit priest and philosopher.
- Joseph T. O'Callahan, U.S. Navy chaplain; awarded Medal of Honor
- Saint John Ogilvie, Scottish martyr
- Joseph A. O'Hare, former president of Fordham University and chairman of the New York City Charter Revision Commission and the first New York City Campaign Finance Board
- Gian Paolo Oliva, Italian 11th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- William O'Malley, author and actor (played Father Joe Dyer in The Exorcist)
- Walter J. Ong, American cultural historian and spiritual writer
- Blessed Peter Onizuko, Japanese martyr burned at the stake during 17th century persecutions in Japan
- Saint Nicholas Owen (martyr), Martyr Saint of England and Wales
P
- Mitch Pacwa, scholar; host on EWTN
- Francesco Palliola, Italian missionary and martyr in the Philippines
- Kuruvilla Pandikattu, Indian philosopher
- Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro, pioneer philologist
- Ferdinand Perier, Belgian, 3rd Archbishop of Calcutta (now Kolkata)
- Denis Pétau, French scholar and theologian
- Saint Joseph Pignatelli, Italian leader of the Jesuits in exile
- Rev. John Pinasco, SJ, Italian theologian and educator to America
- Luca Pinelli, Italian scholar and theologian
- Brother Andrea Pozzo, a great artist of the baroque genre
- John Powell, American author and professor
R
- Karl Rahner, 20th-century German theologian
- Saint Bernardino Realino, pastor of Lecce
- Joseph Redlhamer, 18th-century Austrian physics professor and textbook author
- Saint John Francis Regis, French rural missionary preacher
- Karl Leonhard Reinhold
- Franz Retz, Czech 15th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Johann Baptist Reus, German-Brazilian religious leader
- Alexandre de Rhodes, French missionary to Vietnam; linguist
- Servant of God Matteo Ricci, Italian missionary to China, linguist and published the first Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
- Giovanni Battista Riccioli, 17th-century Italian astronomer; devised the system for the nomenclature of lunar features that is now the international standard
- William A. Rice, American missionary, founder of Baghdad College, bishop and vicar apostolic in Belize
- Gabriel Richard, co-founder of University of Michigan, "second founder" of Detroit, first congressional representative from Michigan (then a territory, not yet a state)
- Saint Alonso Rodriguez, martyr of the Río de la Plata
- Saint Alphonsus Rodriguez, Jesuit brother; mystic
- João Rodrigues, 16th-century Portuguese missionary, known in Japan as João Rodrigues "Tçuzu" (interpreter), wrote several books, including a Japanese grammar work entitled Arte da Lingoa de Iapam in 1604. He was also an organizer of the Nippo Jisho or Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam, the first Japanese to Portuguese dictionary published in 1603.
- Saint José María Rubio, Spanish priest; canonized in 2003
- Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Jesuit missionary in Paraguay
S
- Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, contributions to the theory of Logarithms
- Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish Latin poet of the Counter-Reformation, crowned poet laureate by Pope Urban VIII
- Alonso de Sandoval, missionary to African slaves in Cartagena de Indias, mentor of Saint Peter Claver
- Johann Schreck, 17th-century German polymath and missionary to China
- Gaspar Schott, first published mention of the universal joint
- Angelo Secchi, astronomer
- Juan Luis Segundo, liberation theologian
- Thomas Ewing Sherman, son of U.S. Civil War General William T. Sherman
- Piotr Skarga, Polish priest, homilist, and hagiographer
- Pierre-Jean De Smet, American explorer and missionary
- Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki, introduced logarithms to China
- Jon Sobrino, Author of Christology at the Crossroads, liberation theologian
- Carlos Sommervogel, scholar and author of Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jesus
- Arturo Sosa, 31st Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Saint Robert Southwell, Elizabethan poet and martyr
- Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík, Czech theologian and professor
- Buck Stanton (Jesuit), naturalist and Jesuit missionary to British Honduras.
- Walter Steins Bisschop, 19th-century Dutch bishop, Vicar Apostolic of Bombay and then Calcutta and 3rd Bishop of Auckland, New Zealand.
- Ludwig Stiller, historian; expert on the 'conquest and consolidation' phases of the Gorkhali (modern) period in Nepali history
- Francisco Suárez, Scholastic philosopher
- Jón Sveinsson, Poet and writer from Iceland
- Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian mathematician and astronomer
T
- Guy Tachard, Two important embassies to Siam...
- André Tacquet, Flemish mathematician whose works facilitated the discovery of calculus
- Michelangelo Tamburini, Italian 14th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
- Francesco Lana de Terzi, creator of the first realistic technical plans for an airship
- Antoine Thomas, Belgian astronomer in China
- Cosme de Torrès, contemporary of Francis Xavier
- Pascal Tosi, Italian co-founder of the Alaska Mission
- Nicolas Trigault, early missionary to China
- Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-Tsung, the first Mandarin-speaking Chinese to become a Jesuit
V
- Luca Valerio corresponded with Galileo Galilei
- Alessandro Valignano, Italian canonical visitor to the Asian missions; promoter of an inculturated missionary approach
- Carlos G. Vallés, writer of Gujarati, English and Spanish languages; and mathematics.
- John Vattanky, Indian classical philosopher
- José María Vélaz, founder of Fe y Alegría
- Ferdinand Verbiest, Belgian missionary to China; astronomer and mathematician
- António Vieira, 17th-century Portuguese missionary and diplomat
- Juan Bautista Villalpando, Isaac Newton referred to his works
- Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, Flemish mathematician
- Claude de Visdelou, early missionary to China
W
- Edmund A. Walsh, founder of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University
- Saint Henry Walpole, English martyr
- Anthony Watsham, entomologist with emphasis on scelionidae
- Andrew White (Jesuit), 17th century English Jesuit, influential figure in the early Maryland Colony who led efforts to convert and improve relations with local Native American tribes.
- George J. Willmann, American priest regarded as the "Father of the Knights of Columbus in the Philippines" and Servant of God
- Garry Wills, Pulitzer Prize-winning author (briefly a Jesuit)
- Jakub Wujek, scholar and translator
X
- Saint Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus and missionary to Asia who initiated a large conversion movement in India, Malacca, and Japan
Z
- Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer and musician
- Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder, expert in the Old Javanese language and literature
See also
- List of Jesuit theologians
- List of Jesuit Saints
- List of Jesuit scientists
- Canadian Martyrs
- Jesuit China missions
Notes and references
- ↑ Note: Father Gabriel Richard briefly was in the U.S. Congress in the 1820s, but as a territorial representative. Under guidelines released by Pope John Paul II, Catholic clergy are expected not to serve in positions of civil authority. Drinan did not seek reelection as a result of the issuance of these guidelines.
- ↑ Official Returns - General Election - November 8, 1960 (pdf). Juneau: Office of the Alaska Secretary of State. 1960. p. 27. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ↑ Tsong, Nicole (December 30, 2004). "Abuse claims breathe life into dead priests' past". Anchorage Daily News. Anchorage. p. A1.
A popular Jesuit priest -- the country's first Roman Catholic priest to serve in a state Legislature
- ↑ O’Conner, Thomas H. "Breaking the religious barrier", The Boston Globe, 10 May 2004.
External links
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