Koreans in the United Kingdom

Koreans in the United Kingdom
영국에 있는 한국인들
Total population
South Korean-born residents
17,394 (2011 Census)
North Korean-born residents
392 (2011 Census)
Regions with significant populations
London and the South East
Languages
English, Korean
Religion
majority Protestant Christian,[1] minority Buddhist[2]

Koreans in the United Kingdom include Korean-born migrants to the United Kingdom and their British-born descendants tracing ancestries from North Korea and South Korea.

Demographics

Population size

The 2011 UK Census recorded 16,276 residents of England born in South Korea, 310 in Wales,[3] 716 in Scotland,[4] and 92 in Northern Ireland.[5] 369 people born in North Korea were recorded in England, 12 in Wales,[3] and 11 in Scotland.[4]

The previous, 2001 UK Census recorded 12,310 UK residents born in South Korea.[6] The 2011 report of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade showed 45,295 South Korean citizens or former citizens (regardless of birthplace) registered as living in the UK[fn 1][7] This means that Koreans in the United Kingdom are the 12th-largest group of overseas Koreans, behind Korean Brazilians and ahead of Koreans in Indonesia.[7] According to the Overseas Korean Foundation, between 1999 and 2005, the UK's Korean population nearly quadrupled from 10,836, surpassing the older community of Koreans in Germany to become the largest in Europe.[8] Among those recorded in MOFAT's statistics, 3,839 were British citizens, 9,170 had indefinite leave to remain, 19,000 were international students, and the other 14,820 had other kinds of visas. About two-thirds resided in the London area.[7]

Most come from South Korea; however, North Korean defectors have also sought asylum in the UK. The number of North Koreans claiming asylum in the UK peaked at 412 in 2007, having risen from only 45 in 2006. Numbers then dropped to 185 in 2008, and ranged between 20 and 37 per annum between 2009 and 2014.[9] According to UNHCR statistics, 622 recognised refugees and 59 asylum seekers from North Korea were present in the UK in 2014.[10]

The UK grants asylum only to defectors who come directly from North Korea. In 2008, it was reported that 180 asylum seekers had had their applications rejected after police checks revealed that they had previously resided in South Korea (and thus had residency rights and citizenship there, in accordance with the South Korean constitution).[11] Some of the alleged North Korean defectors may also be ethnic Koreans from China who purchased North Korean documents so that they could attempt to gain refugee status in developed countries. Efforts by UK Visas and Immigration and predecessors to identify fake defectors have not always been successful and have also been known to misclassify actual defectors as fake ones.[12] In September 2014, a asylum tribunal dismissed the appeal of several North Koreans, ruling that the "appellants are South Korean citizens and their asylum appeal must fail".[13]

Population distribution

A Korean supermarket in New Malden, London

Large numbers of Koreans began to settle in the UK in the 1980s, mostly near London; the highest concentration can be found in the town of New Malden, where estimates of the Korean population range from 8,000 to as high as 20,000 people.[1][14][15] Factors which may have attracted them to New Malden include cheap housing, the previous presence of a Japanese community in the area, and the "bandwagon effect" of a few prominent Korean businesses in the area early on.[1] In the 1990s, the area came to prominence as a hub for the Korean community; the high concentration of Koreans there meant that adult immigrants, especially women, tend not to speak much English, even after years of residence in the United Kingdom.[16] During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Koreans from all over the country flocked to the town to gather with their co-ethnics and show support for the Korea Republic national football team.[17][18]

Other areas with a Korean presence include Golders Green, where Korean and Japanese immigrants have been visibly replacing the older, diminishing Jewish community.[19]

Of the total of 392 North Korean-born residents recorded by the 2011 census, 251 lived in Greater London, 47 in North-West England and 30 in Yorkshire and the Humber.[3]

Business

21% of all Korean-owned businesses in the UK are located in the New Malden area.[20] The first Korean restaurant in New Malden was established in 1991.[14] Other Korean businesses in the area include hairdressers, stationery shops, travel agents, and Korean-language child care services; there used to be a bookstore selling imported Korean novels, but it closed down. Two rival Korean-language newspapers are also published there.[16] Korean grocers do good business, as Korean food products, unlike those from India or Japan, tend to be unavailable from mainstream retailers such as Tesco.[21] While Korean food has not historically been as popular as Chinese food, and Korean restaurants in London have been described as "mostly student hang-outs, offering simple food at bargain prices", it is gaining popularity, particularly in the gourmet street food market.[22]

A 2006 study of Korean businesses in Kingston upon Thames noted that Korean business owners' unfamiliarity with commercial practices in the UK, along with language barriers, have sometimes led them into conflict with governmental regulators; the Health and Safety Executive noted that Korean barbecue restaurants are especially problematic in this regard, as they often imported small, uncertified table-top gas cookers directly from South Korea for self-installation, rather than hiring a registered gas engineer to install and inspect them, and took no corrective action when issued with warnings.[15] The language barrier is compounded by the lack of translators; one Korean translator estimated that she had only four or five competitors in the entire country.[16] Today, most South Koreans speak English[23] and many high-quality restaurants can be found in London's West End.[24]

Religion

As among Korean Americans, Protestant churches have played an important social and cultural role in the Korean immigrant community in the UK; they hold religious functions solely in Korean, a practice which contrasts sharply with that in Korean American churches, which often conduct youth group services and activities in English language; this has aided in preventing the attrition of Korean language abilities among locally born Korean youth.[1] Denominations with Korean-language services in New Malden include the Church of England and the Methodist Church.[16] A smaller number of Koreans in the UK observe Buddhism.[2]

Notable people


See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ All South Korean citizens intending to reside overseas for more than 90 days are required by law to register with the South Korean consulate nearest their overseas residence. Failure to register can have negative consequences for taxes and real estate purchases, and overseas-born children who are not registered may have difficulty enrolling in South Korean schools. See 재외국민등록/Registration of nationals overseas, South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, retrieved 2009-11-09

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Yi, David (19 July 2008), "Livin' in London", KoreAm Journal, retrieved 2008-09-10
  2. 1 2 Korean Buddhist congregations in the UK
  3. 1 2 3 "Table QS213EW: 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Country of Birth - Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  7. 1 2 3 《재외동포 본문(지역별 상세)》, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011-07-15, p. 244, retrieved 2012-02-25
  8. ↑ 재외동포현황 - 유럽 (Status of overseas compatriots - Europe), Overseas Korean Foundation, 2005, retrieved 2008-09-10
  9. ↑ "Table as_01: Asylum applications and initial decisions for main applicants, by country of nationality". Home Office. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  10. ↑ "Population statistics: Persons of concern". UNHCR. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Jang, Yong-hun (25 July 2008), "英, 한국 국적 탈북자 추방 방침: RFA (UK North Korean refugees with South Korean nationality to be expelled: Radio Free Asia)", Yonhap News, retrieved 2008-09-10
  12. ↑ Choi, Lyong (2011-10-26), "The British dilemma of North Korean refugees", LSE Ideas, retrieved 2012-08-28
  13. ↑ Leftly, Mark (28 November 2014). "UK may ship all North Korean asylum-seekers to South Korea". The Independent. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  14. 1 2 Benedictus, Leo (21 January 2005), "'This restaurant is a little bit of Korea brought into a very English town': Koreans in New Malden", The Guardian, London, retrieved 2008-09-10
  15. 1 2 Marlow, Peter (2006), Occupational Health and Safety Factors in the Korean Community (PDF), United Kingdom: Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions, retrieved 2008-09-10
  16. 1 2 3 4 Moore, Fiona; Lowe, Sid; Hwang, Ki-Soon (11 July 2007), "The Translator as Gatekeeper in the Korean Business Community in London", Critical Management Studies Conference (PDF), University of Manchester, retrieved 2008-09-10
  17. ↑ Shaikh, Thair (22 June 2002), "Surrey town plays host to World Cup fever", The Daily Telegraph, London, retrieved 2008-09-10
  18. ↑ Geoghegan, Tim (25 June 2002), "Life and Seoul in Surrey", BBC News, retrieved 2008-09-10
  19. ↑ Russ, Willey (October 16, 2006), "Golders Green", Chambers London Gazetteer, Chambers Harrap, pp. 194, 340–343, ISBN 978-0-550-10259-1
  20. ↑ Hall, Sarah (25 June 2002), "With heart and soul in the Seoul of Surrey", The Guardian, London, retrieved 2008-09-10
  21. ↑ "영국 뉴몰든 한인 유통의 최강자 '코리아 푸드를 가다' (Strongman of Korean logistics in New Malden: "Go for Korean food")", The Chosun Ilbo, 29 March 2006, retrieved 2008-09-10
  22. ↑ Sims, Fiona (10 September 2014). "Korean food: a spice sensation taking Britain by storm". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  23. ↑ Fischer, Paul (23 February 2015). "Korean Republic of New Malden". The Independent.
  24. ↑ Harden's London Restaurants 2015 ISBN 978-0-9929408-9-8
  25. ↑ Michael, Christopher (2008-04-09), "From despot's PR man to Surrey salesman", The Spectator, retrieved 2009-09-01

Further reading

External links

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