Knowledge by presence

Knowledge by presence (Persian:علم حضوری) or consciousness is a degree and kind of primordial knowledge in the Illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy. This knowledge is also called the illuminative doctrine of knowledge by presence or al-ilm al-huduri al-ishraqi.[1] This theory is attributed to Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi. According to this theory self knows himself directly through a kind of cognition.[2]

Concept

Human in his ordinary experience shows himself as the primary subject of knowledge. Human communicated with non-human with different affaires such as mind, language and reason. In any kind of knowledge and before any knowledge always there is a kind of knowledge called knowledge of oneself or consciousness.This consciousness is foremost and prior to any knowledge.[3] According to Mehdi Haeri Yazdi.The knowledge by presence is to a sort of knowledge which has all relations within its paradigm.In this kind of knowledge there is a self object-relation without the interference of a connection with an external object.[2] In this kind of knowledge, the sense of knowledge is equal with the self.In the sphere of the self, both to exist and to know are identical.[4] The fact of knowledge by presence is not identical with conceptualism and representation.Although this kind of knowledge is expressed by proposition but is not as the same with knowledge by concept.Knowledge by presence has characters such as being personal, non-transferable, admitting different levels and development.[5] In knowledge by presence, the object is present to subject.[6]

Historical background

Al Farabi is known for his famous Doctrine namely " harmonization of opinions of Aristotle and Plato.On the one hand Al-Farabi believes that Aristotle rejected the Plato's Ideas but Aristotle himself, on the other hand, had difficulty with divine forms. Avicenna developed the notion of knowledge by presence in the argument of floating man.According to this argument if we consider the I-ness of human in an absolute air, then the only thing to conceive is the selfness of human without any material faculties.[6] In one hand Surevardi criticized the Avicenna's theory of knowledge which based on the important roles of defenitions.In other hand Suhrevardi introduced innate knowledge in which awareness and consciousness are basic.[6] According to Suhrevardi,knowledge by presence encompass the conception of a thing which is along with assent to it.[7] According to Suhrevardi's theory of knowledge, the true knowledge is achieved not by concepts but through a direct knowledge of things divine.[8] Illuminationist philosopher knows the knowledge two kinds which knowledge by presence is one of them. Knowledge by presence is nonrepresentational,immediate character along with no reference to external objects.[9] According to Suhrevardi, "self" could knows itself just by virtue of its presence.he also knows consciousness beyond the distinction subject and object division in epistemology.[10] According to Suhrevardi, also described by self-objectivity namely the nature of this knowledge is to the reality of awareness and in this knowledge the self is aware is existentially one and the same thing.Therefore the self and consciousness of the self are individually and numerically a one thing.[6] Surevardi also pointed out that all knowledge returned to knowledge by presence.In other word in representational knowledge the presence of image in mind in turn is a kind of knowledge by presence.[11]

Characteristics

There are many characters for knowledge by presence, including:

References

  1. ↑ (Ha'iri & 1982 p.2)
  2. 1 2 Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2003). The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 90. ISBN 978-94-017-0229-4.
  3. ↑ "Knowledge as Light". mullasadra.org.
  4. ↑ Jahanbegloo, Ramin (2004). Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity. Lexington Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7391-0530-6.
  5. ↑ Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa; Muhtaroglu, Nazif (25 November 2009). Classic Issues in Islamic Philosophy and Theology Today. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-481-3573-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Atten, Mark van; Boldini, Pascal; Bourdeau, Michel; Heinzmann, Gerhard (9 November 2008). One Hundred Years of Intuitionism (1907–2007): The Cerisy Conference. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 121. ISBN 978-3-7643-8653-5.
  7. ↑ Kapstein, Matthew (3 November 2004). The Presence of Light: Divine Radiance and Religious Experience. University of Chicago Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-226-42492-7.
  8. ↑ Landolt, Hermann; Lawson, Todd (2005). Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. I.B.Tauris. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-85043-470-2.
  9. ↑ Ghaemi, S. Nassir (1 December 2004). The Concepts of Psychiatry: A Pluralistic Approach to the Mind and Mental Illness. JHU Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8018-8137-4.
  10. ↑ Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi (18 March 2014). Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-136-79281-6.
  11. ↑ (Khan in Tobin Hart, Peter L. Nelson, Kaisa Puhakka & Tir 30, 1379 AP p.152)
  12. ↑ (Ardeshir in Van Atten & et All & Aban 19, 1387 AP p.121)
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