King cherry
| King cherry | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Prunus |
| Subgenus: | Cerasus |
| Species: | n/a (P. yedoensis)note1 |
| Binomial name | |
| n/a (Prunus yedoensis)note1 ^note1 : See Name section for details. | |
★ and ▲ represent Natural Monument No. 156 and No. 159 respectively.[1]
King cherry (왕벚 wangbeoj, 왕벚나무 wangbeojnamu or 왕벚꽃 wangbeojkkoch, Hanja: 王벚나무) is a Korean native cherry tree originated from Jeju Island. It is a distinct species from Japanese native Yoshino cherry. King cherry is a rare plant and listed as an endangered species.[2][3] As of 1998, 33 King cherry trees were growing around Mt. Halla in Jeju Island.[1] According to Koidzumi, King cherry is erroneously believed to be discovered by a French missionary Taquet although what he discovered was a different species.
There have been disputes over the origin of king cherry and Yoshino cherry. In 2007, a study conducted on the comparison of king cherry and Yoshino cherry concluded that these trees were categorized as distinct species.[4] However, in Korea, king cherry is still believed to be the same species as Yoshino cherry.[5] In Korea most of the places for cherry blossom festivals, including Yeouido and Jinhae, are still planted with Japanese Yoshino cherry trees.[6][7][8]
Name
In 1901, Yoshino cherry was given a scientific name Prunus Yedoensis by Ninzo Matsumura after its place of origin Yedo (current day Tokyo).[9] In early 1900s, king cherry was thought to be the same species as Yoshino cherry, it is called Prunus yedoensis, the same scientific name as Yoshino cherry. After Ernest Henry Wilson suggested Yoshino cherry is a hybrid between Prunus subhirtella var. ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus lannesiana (Oshima zakura) in 1916,[10] Yoshino cherry became to be called Prunus × yedoensis. However king cherry still remained to be called Prunus yedoensis which is originally given to Yoshino cherry.
The Korean name wangbeojnamu (왕벚나무, king cherry) was created in 1963 when the Korean official plant resource survey team found three trees, until then it was called sakulanamu (사쿠라나무, sakura) or teolbeojnamu (털벚나무, hair cherry).[11][12][13] Wangbeojnamu means "king cherry tree" while wangbeojkkoch means "king cherry blossom". The Korean name wangbeojnamu or wangbeojkkoch does not distinguish Yoshino cherry from king cherry because they have been thought to be the same species. If necessary, Yoshino cherry is referred to as someiyoshino (소메이요시노), a transliteration of a Japanese name for Yoshino cherry.
Characteristics
King cherry is quite rare in number in its habitat. In 1908, a single tree was discovered in the north slope of Mt. Halla near Gwaneumsa Temple by Taquet although according to Koidzumi it was a different species.[14] In 1932, Koidzumi discovered a single tree in the south slope of Mt.Halla.[14] In 1962, the first Korean official plant resource survey team was established and found three trees. Next year in 1963, the team found another three trees.[13] In 1965, Han Chang-yeol reported that wild cherry trees which grow in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island are mostly Prunus subhirtella var. pendula form. ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus donarium (Yamazakura) and King cherry is rare in number, around 10 individuals, having been found in a half century. [15] In 1998, Kim Chan-soo reported that 33 King cherry trees were found around Mt. Halla.[1]
King cherry is morphologically similar to Yoshino cherry. When Yo Takenaka went to the Juju Island in 1933, He observed that the King cherry's hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter.[16] In 1998, Chan-soo Kim studied the morphological variation on 18 characters in flowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds. Most characters of King cherry were smaller in size than those of Yoshino cherry although the limits of variation of the characters were somewhat wide in King cherry. The most prominent difference is that the calyx tube of Yoshino cherry is cup-shaped, whereas it is wedge-shaped in King cherry, in addition, the inflorescences of Yoshino cherry are corymbose while those of King cherry are umbelliferous.[1][17]
History
- In 1908, a French missionary Taquet discovered a native cherry in Jeju islands. In 1912, a German botanist Koehne gave it a scientific name of Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora as it deserves to be a separate variety from Yoshino cherry according to the variations observed.[18][Notes] Although this species called Eishu zakura is a variation of Yoshino cherry, from then it was misrepresented that Yoshino cherry was growing naturally in Jeju Island.[14]
- In 1932, Koidzumi discovered that Yoshino cherry (currently identified as King cherry) along with the cherry which was found by Taquet were growing naturally and reported that Yoshino cherry is originated on Jeju island. Also Koidzumi identified that Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora which was found by Taquet and named by Koehne is an independent species from King cherry and named it Prunus nudiflora (Koehn) Koidz. nom. nov. (Eishu zakura) which is a synonym of Prunus quelpaertensis Nakai (Tanna-yamazakura).[14][19] Korea National Arboretum lists this species as Jejubeojnam (제주벚나무, Jeju cherry), a distinct species from King cerry in its Korea Biodiversity Information System.[20]
- In 1962, Takenaka ruled out the possibility of Korean origin of Yoshino Cherry by the morphological study.[16][21]
- In 2005, Yong-hwan Jung et al. conducted the phylogenetic analysis using sequences from both rbcL gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of chloroplast DNA and concluded that King cherry and Yoshino cherry are clearly genetically distinguished from each other.[22][23][24]
- In 2007, Mark S. Roh et al. analyzed King cherry and Yoshino cherry with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and sequence analysis of two chloroplast DNA genes, rpl16 and trnL-trnF spacer and showed that king cherry can be considered indigenous and sufficiently distinct from Yoshino cherry to warrant recognition as a distinct entity.[4]
Putative parental species
- In 1963, Takenaka assumed that King cherry might be a hybrid between Prunus subhirtella var. pendula form ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus quelpartensis Nakai (Tanna-yamazakura; perhaps a form of Prunus verecunda (Kasumizakura)) or some other cherry species.[16]
- In 2014, Myong-suk Cho et al. reported that the nuclear (ITS/ETS and G3pdh) and cpDNA data, along with several morphological characteristics, provide the first convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of King cherry. The maternal parent was determined to be Prunus spachiana form ascendens (Edo higan), while the paternal parent was unresolved from the taxonomically complex Prunus serrulata (Yamazakura) / Prunus sargentii (Oyamazakura) clade.[25]
Cultivation
King cherry is a wild species whose habitats are Hallasan, Jeju Island and Daedunsan, Haenam and is not cultivated yet. Mass propagation is still at an experimental stage. An artificial breeding by the tissue culturing of 40 cherry trees planted in 1996 bloomed in 2003 for the first time.[26]
Natural monument
King cherry tree habitats are designated to the Natural monument. There are three Natural monuments.
- Natural monument no. 156 – Jeju Sinrye-ri King Cherry habitat, designated in 1964.[27][28] 33°21′40″N 126°35′49″E / 33.361222°N 126.597034°E
- Natural monument no. 159 – Jeju Bonggae-dong King Cherry habitat, designated in 1964. There are two King cherry trees.[29][30] 33°28′06″N 126°35′56″E / 33.468198°N 126.598824°E
- Natural monument no. 173 - Haenam Daedunsan King cherry habitat, designated in 1966: There are two King cherry trees.[31] 34°29′30″N 126°36′53″E / 34.491537°N 126.614690°E
See also
Notes
| Description | Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora | Yoshino cherry |
|---|---|---|
| Blade of the leaves during flowering | Up to 2,5 cm long | Less than 1 cm long |
| Pedicels | 27–35 mm long | 10–19 mm long |
| Sepals | Above the middle one | To the top |
| Petals | 12.5 mm long, 11 mm wide | 14–15 mm long, 12 mm wide |
| Stamina | Up to 7.5 mm long | Up to 6.5 mm long |
| Style | As far as the fourth part: densely softly hairy above | Medium shaggy |
References
- 1 2 3 4 Kim, Chan-soo; et al. (1998). "Natural habitat of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura and its morphological variation" (PDF). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 28 (2): 117–137.
- ↑ Korean Red List of Threatened Species Second Edition (PDF). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2014. p. 156.
Prunus × yedoensis Matsumura, Rosales: Rosaceae, Prunus × yedoensis is a deciduous tree endemic to Korea that only about 5 populations occur at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. The estimated number of individuals is very small. This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests at 450-900 m above sea level. The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). There are currently no regional conservation measures.
- ↑ Kim, Chan-Soo (2009). "Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea" (PDF). Korean Journal of Plant Resources. 22 (6): 558～570.
- 1 2 Roh, M.S., Cheong, E.J., Choi, I-Y and Young, Y.H. (2007). "Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA.". Scientia Horticulturae. 114 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/J.scientia2007.06.005. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
- ↑ "[취재후] 꽃의 전쟁…벚꽃의 원산지는?" [Flower war...Origin of Cherry tree?] (in Korean). KBS. April 11, 2014.
- ↑ "벚꽃 '한-일 원산지 논쟁' 왜 끝나지 않나" [Cherry "Korea-Japan origin controversy" Why does not end?] (in Korean). Hankyoreh. April 3, 2015.
여의도와 진해를 포함해 우리나라 벚꽃축제의 주인공은 모두 일본이 원예종 으로 만든 왕벚나무이다. [The protagonists of Cherry Blossom Festivals in Korea including Yeouido and Jinhae are all cultivated Yoshino cherry made in Japan.]
- ↑ "[단독]여의도 화려한 벚꽃뒤엔…일본 검은 속셈 있었나" [Behind the brilliant Japanese cherry blossom – Dark ulterior motives?] (in Korean). Segye.com. 22 January 2008.
... From 1966 until the mid-1980s, Koreans in Japan and Japanese people donated about 60,000 cherry seedlings to Jinhae City.
- ↑ "때되면 한-일 원산지 논쟁, 벚꽃에게 물어봐!" [Korea-Japan Origin debate. Ask cherry!]. The Hankyoreh. April 3, 2015.
- ↑ Matsumura, Ninzo (1901). "Cerasi Japonicæ duæ Species novæ". Botanical Magazine, Tokyo (Shokubutsugaku Zasshi) (in Latin). The Botanical Society of Japan. 15: 99–101.
- ↑ Wilson, E. H. (1916). "The Cherries of Japan". Publications of the Arnold Arboretum. Harvard University Press (7): 16.
- ↑ An, Byeong-gyu (April 2, 2007). "진해군항제에 부치는 벚꽃 단상" [Jinhae naval port festival and random thoughts]. Gyeongnam Sinmun.
제주도 왕벚꽃이란 이름도 오래된 것은 아니다. 육지학자들이 현지 답사에 나선 1963년도에 처음으로 지은 것이라 한다. 그때까지는 `털벚나무'나 `사쿠라'로 표기하고 있다. [The name “King cherry” is also not old. It was named in 1963 for the first time when scholars conducted a field survey. Until then, It was called as “Hair cherry” or “Sakura”.]
- ↑ Park, Man-Kyu (1965). "한국 왕벚나무의 조사연구사" [Research study history of King cherry in Korea]. Journal of Plant Biology (in Korean). 8 (3): 12–15.
- 1 2 "[한라칼럼]왕벚나무의 선각자들" [[Halla column] The forerunners of the King cherry tree]. Halla Ilbo. April 13, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Koidzumi, Gen-ichi (June 1932). "雑録 – 染井吉野桜の天生地分明かす" [Adversaria – Prunas yedoensis MATSUM. is a native of Quelpaert!]. 植物分類・地理 [Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica] (in Japanese). 植物分類地理學會 [The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics]. 1 (2): 177–179.
...此時以來ソメヰヨシノザクラは濟州島に自生すと誤り傳へられ,... ... されば現今ソメヰヨシノザクラの原産地は濟州島なり。...
- ↑ Han, Chang-yeol (1965). "한라산 자생 왕벚 및 추정양친에 관한 연구 (II)" [Wild Prunus yedoensis and its putative parent in Mt. Halla (II)]. Korea Journal of Botany (in Korean). 8 (1): 11–18.
- 1 2 3 Takenaka, Yo (1963). "The Origin of the Yoshino cherry tree". Journal of Heredity. 54: 207－211.
I visited the (Quelpart) island in 1933 and observed that the tree, which was growing wild, showed differences from P. yedoensis; the hairs on calyx lobes and on the lower side of leaves were less numerous, and the peduncles were shorter. I concluded that it could not be P. yedoensis. I assumed that it might be a hybrid between P. subhirtella var. pendula form ascendens (Edo higan) and Prunus quelpaertensis (Tanna-yamazakura; perhaps a form of P. verecunda) or some other cherry species
- ↑ Jung, Yong-hwan (December 2001). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Prunus in Korea and Japan Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequences" (PDF). Department of Biology Graduate School, Cheju National University.A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
- 1 2 Koehne, Von E. (1912). "95 Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora, nov. var.". Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Herausgebers. 10: 507. doi:10.1002/fedr.19120103013.
- ↑ Koidzumi, Gen-ichi (1933). "白瀧桜と緑吉野桜" [Shirataki zakura and Midori yoshino zakura]. 植物分類・地理 [Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica]. The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics. 2 (2): 139–140.
...大和吉野の白瀧櫻は濟州島のタンナヤマザクラ（予のエイシウザクラ）(Prunus quelpaertensis Nakai) (=Prunus nudiflora Koidz. Pro parte) ...
- ↑ "제주벚나무" [Jeju cherry]. Korea National Arboretum.
- ↑ Iketani, Hiroyuki; et al. (2007). "Analyses of Clonal Status in 'Somei-yoshino' and Confirmation of Genealogical Record in Other Cultivars of Prunus × yedoensis by Microsatellite Markers" (PDF). Breeding Science. 57: 1–6. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.57.1.
natural hybridization either in the Izu peninsula, on Izu-oshima Island or on Cheju-do Island in Korea, although the possibility of the latter location was ruled out by Takenaka (1962)
- ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan; et al. (December 2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Prunus（Rosaceae）in Korea and Japan Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Sequences". Korean Journal of Genetics. The Genetics Society of Korea. 27 (4): 279–288.
The two natives of P. yedoensis from Jeju, Korea were clearly distinguished from the cultivars as suggested in previous reports.
- ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan; et al. (June 1998). "Genetic relationship of Prunus yedoensis, native and cultivar, based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA". Korean Journal of Genetics. 20 =issue=2: 109–116.
The idea that P. yedoensis Matsumura-Native would be different from the P. yedoensis Matsumura-Cultivar would be strongly substantiated from the similar results obtained in this studies with those of previous studies.
- ↑ Jung, Yong-Hwan; et al. (September 2002). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Korean Prunus ( Rosaceae ) Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA". Gene & Genomics(former Korean Journal of Genetics 구 한국유전학회지). The Genetics Society of Korea. 24 (3): 247–258.
A remarkable result is that the P. yedoensis wilds from Jeju ended up far from the P. yedoensis cultivars, as was proposed in a previous study based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).
- ↑ Cho, Myong-Suk; et al. (2014). "Molecular and morphological data revealed hybrid origin of wild Prunus yedoensis (Rosaceae) from Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for the origin of the flowering cherry". American Journal of Botany. 101 (11): 1976–1986. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400318.
The nuclear (ITS/ETS and G3pdh) and cpDNA data, along with several morphological characteristics, provide the first convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of wild P. yedoensis. The maternal parent was determined to be P. spachiana f. ascendens, while the paternal parent was unresolved from the taxonomically complex P. serrulata/P. sargentii clade.
- ↑ "[광복 70년•수교 50년 제주와 일본을 말하다/제1부 제주 왕벚의 세계화](3)대량생산 전초기지" [[70 years liberation, 50 years diplomatic relations: Jeju and Japan story / Part 1. Globalization of King cherry of Jeju] (3) Outpost of Mass production] (in Korean). Halla Ilbo. March 23, 2015.
- ↑ "천연기념물 제156호" [Natural monument no. 156 - Jeju Sinrye-ri King Cherry habitat]. Korean Cultural Heritage Administration.
- ↑ "천연기념물 신례리 왕벚나무자생지(천연기념물 제156호)" [Natural Monument sinryeri King cherry habitat (Natural Monument No. 156)]. Jeju Province.
- ↑ "천연기념물 제159호" [Natural monument no. 159 - Jeju Bonggae-dong King Cherry habitat]. Korean Cultural Heritage Administration.
서로 100m쯤 떨어져 두 그루가 자라고 [Two trees are growing about 100m apart from each other]
- ↑ "천연기념물 신례리 왕벚나무자생지(천연기념물 제159호)" [Natural Monument sinryeri King cherry habitat (Natural Monument No. 159)]. Jeju Province.
- ↑ "천연기념물 제173호" [Natural monument no. 173 - Haenam Daedunsan King cherry habitat]. Korean Cultural Heritage Administration.
... 2그루의 나무가 자라고 있다. [Two trees are growing.]