Keeled box turtle

Keeled box turtle
C. m. mouhotii
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Geoemydidae
Subfamily:	Geoemydinae
Genus:	Cuora
Species:	C. mouhotii
Binomial name
Cuora mouhotii Gray, 1862
Synonyms[1]
C. m. mouhotii Cyclemys mouhotii Gray, 1862 Pyxidea mouhotii — Gray, 1863 Emys mouhotii — Strauch, 1865 Cyclemys mouhoti Boulenger, 1890 (ex errore) Pyxidea mouhoti — M.A. Smith, 1931 Emys mouhoti — Bourret, 1941 Pyxidea mouboti H.M. Smith & James, 1958 (ex errore) Geoemyda mouhoti — McDowell, 1964 Cyclemys mouheti Tikader & Sharma, 1985 (ex errore) Geoemyda mouhotii — Artner, 1995 Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii — Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998 Pyxidea mouhotti Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999 (ex errore) Cuora mouhotii mouhotii — Artner, 2003 C. m. obsti Pyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998 Pyxidea mouhotti obsti — Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999 Cuora mouhotii obsti — Artner, 2003

The keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii syn. Pyxidea mouhotii ) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae.

Geographic range

C. mouhotii is native to Asia, where it occurs in China, India, Laos, Burma, Vietnam,^[2] Thailand, and Bhutan.^[3]

Common names

Other common names for C. mouhotii include keel-backed terrapin, jagged-shelled turtle,^[2] and Mouhot's turtle.^[4]

Etymology

The specific name, mouhotii, is in honor of Alexandre Henri Mouhot, a French naturalist and explorer.^[4]

Taxonomy

C. mouhotii is sometimes treated as the sole species of the monotypic genus Pyxidea.^[2][5][6] Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA has provided evidence that the species is part of the "Cuora group", a monophyletic group of Asian box turtles, and the name Pyxidea should probably be synonymized with Cuora, making the keeled box turtle part of that genus.^[7] Other phylogenetic studies of Cuora support this conclusion.^[8] In addition, its morphology is not distinct enough from that of Cuora species to keep it separate, and it is known to hybridize with Cuora galbinifrons.^[8]

There are two subspecies, C. m. mouhotii and C. m. obsti.^[2][3][9]

The Southern Vietnamese population of Cuora mouhotii lives alongside Cuora picturata. Since Cuora mouhotii is known to hybridize with the closest living relatives of Cuora picturata (Cuora galbinifrons and Cuora bourreti) there is a possibility of hybridization in the wild between these two populations.^[10]

Description

The keeled box turtle's upper shell (carapace) has three large, raised ridges and is serrated on the back end. The lower shell (plastron) is different variations of brown in color, ranging from light brown to dark brown. The upper jaw is strong, while the snout is short and curved. The feet are only partially webbed, which suggest a terrestrial lifestyle as opposed to an aquatic one.

Male and female keeled box turtles can be distinguished by the color of their eyes as well as their nails. A male generally has longer and thicker nails than a female, and eyes that are either black or brown. A female generally has shorter, thinner nails, and eyes that are orange or red.^[11]

Biology

The biology of C. mouhotii is not well known.^[12]

In one survey, males and females had an average carapace length around 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in).

The breeding season is in May through September. The average clutch size was four eggs, which are smooth, white, and about 4.4 cm (1.7 in) long. On average they typically lay two clutches in a breeding season. Like many other turtles the keeled box turtle does not care for its young. Females have been noted to dig nests with their rear legs and cover the clutches with soil, and also to lay eggs under fallen leaves.^[12]

The male keeled box turtle is very aggressive during the act of mating. In some instances the male turtle will chase and injure a female. The male will often persist until the female allows its advances.

Diet

Keeled box turtles are herbivorous, and eat wide variation of vegetation in the natural environment, with a preference for wild fallen fruits. They will also occasionally eat worms snails and other meat.^[12]

Habitat

The keeled box turtle is a terrestrial species, and can be frequently found in small caves and rock crevices. It can also be found in forests, in deep layers of leaves.

Conservation status

C. mouhotii is listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).^[2]

The population of the keeled box turtle has been on a steep decline in some areas, particularly Vietnam. This can be attributed to people capturing them for food and pets, as well as Vietnam legally exporting large numbers. Although there are other possible reasons behind this population decline, deforestation and hunting have proven to be a major threat to these turtles especially.

Threats include habitat destruction and degradation during deforestation. In parts of its range it is threatened by overexploitation as it is collected from the wild, especially for food.^[13] It is also used in traditional medicine.^[14] It is consumed locally and traded internationally for in the food market and the pet trade.^[13]

In China the species is bred in captivity on a small scale for the pet trade.^[13]

Gallery

• 
  C. m. mouhotii, plastron.
• 
  C. m. obsti, plastron.
• 
  Male C. m. obsti.

References

Further reading

• Bernhardt, K. (1995). Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray 1862). J. AG Schildkr. Panzerechsen 95(2), 7-18.
• Gray, J. E. (1862). Notice of a new species of Cyclemys from the Lao Mountains, in Siam. Journal of Natural History 10(3), 157.
• Gray, J. E. (1863). Observations on the box tortoises, with the description of three new Asiatic species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 173-79.
• Parham, J. F., et al. (2001). New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens. Animal Conservation 4(4), 357-67.

External links

• Photo gallery: Pyxidea. World Chelonian Trust.

Turtle family Geoemydidae
Genus	Species of the family Geoemydidae
Batagur	Burmese roofed turtle Northern river terrapin Painted terrapin Red-crowned roofed turtle Southern river terrapin Three-striped roofed turtle
Cuora	Amboina box turtle Bourret's box turtle Indochinese box turtle McCord's box turtle Keeled box turtle Pan's box turtle Southern Vietnamese box turtle Chinese three-striped box turtle Yellow-headed box turtle Yellow-margined box turtle Yunnan box turtle Zhou's box turtle
Cyclemys	Asian leaf turtle Assam leaf turtle Eastern black-bridged leaf turtle Enigmatic leaf turtle Myanmar brown leaf turtle Oldham's leaf turtle Western black-bridged leaf turtle
Geoclemys	Black pond turtle
Geoemyda	Black-breasted leaf turtle Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle
Hardella	Brahminy river turtle
Heosemys	Arakan forest turtle Giant Asian pond turtle Spiny turtle Yellow-headed temple turtle
Leucocephalon	Sulawesi forest turtle
Malayemys	Malayan snail-eating turtle Mekong snail-eating turtle
Mauremys	Balkan pond turtle Caspian turtle Chinese pond turtle Chinese stripe-necked turtle Japanese pond turtle Red-necked pond turtle Spanish pond turtle Vietnamese pond turtle Yellow pond turtle
Melanochelys	Indian black turtle Tricarinate hill turtle
Morenia	Burmese eyed turtle Indian eyed turtle
Notochelys	Malayan flat-shelled turtle
Orlitia	Malaysian giant turtle
Pangshura	Assam roofed turtle Brown roofed turtle Indian roofed turtle Indian tent turtle
Rhinoclemmys	Black river turtle Brown wood turtle Colombian wood turtle Furrowed wood turtle Large-nosed wood turtle Maracaibo wood turtle Mexican spotted wood turtle Painted wood turtle Spot-legged turtle
Sacalia	Beal's eyed turtle Four-eyed turtle
Siebenrockiella	Black marsh turtle Philippine forest turtle
Vijayachelys	Cane turtle
Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2011 update: annotated checklist.