Kagemusha

Kagemusha

Kurosawa's own artwork
Directed by Akira Kurosawa
Produced by
Written by
  • Akira Kurosawa
  • Masato Ide
Starring Tatsuya Nakadai
Music by Shin’ichirō Ikebe
Cinematography Takao Saitō
Edited by Akira Kurosawa (uncredited)[1]
Production
company
Distributed by
  • Toho (Japan)
  • 20th Century Fox (International)
Release dates
  • April 26, 1980 (1980-04-26)
Running time
  • 180 minutes (Original version)
  • 162 minutes (International cut)
Country
  • Japan
  • United States
Language Japanese
Budget
  • ¥2,300,000,000
  • ($11,000,000) or US$7.5 million[2]
Box office ¥3,057,990,000 or $26,000,000 (Japan)

Kagemusha (影武者 Shadow Warrior) is a 1980 film by Akira Kurosawa. In Japanese, kagemusha is a term used to denote a political decoy. It is set in the Sengoku period of Japanese history and tells the story of a lower-class criminal who is taught to impersonate a dying daimyo in order to dissuade opposing lords from attacking the newly vulnerable clan. The daimyo is based on Takeda Shingen, and the film ends with the climactic 1575 Battle of Nagashino.[3]

Plot

In Japan's Sengoku period, Takeda Shingen, daimyo of the Takeda clan, meets with his brother Nobukado, and an unnamed thief whom the latter met by chance and spared from crucifixion due to the thief's uncanny resemblance to Shingen. The brothers then agree that he would prove useful as a double, and they decide to use the thief as a kagemusha.

Later, Shingen's army has besieged a castle of Tokugawa Ieyasu. When Shingen visits the battlefield to hear a mysterious nightly flute player, he is shot by a sniper. Mortally wounded, he orders his generals to keep his death a secret for three years. Shingen later dies while being carried over a mountain pass, with only a small group of witnesses. Meanwhile, Shingen's rivals, Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu, and Uesugi Kenshin are each shown contemplating about Shingen's supposed passing.

Nobukado presents the thief to Shingen's generals (many of the renowned Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen), proposing to have this kagemusha impersonate Shingen full-time. At first, even the thief is unaware of Shingen's death, until he tries to break into a huge jar, believing it to contain treasure, and instead finds Shingen's preserved corpse. After this act, the generals decide they cannot trust the thief and set him free.

The Takeda leaders secretly dump the jar with Shingen's corpse into Lake Suwa. Spies working for Tokugawa and his ally Nobunaga Oda witness the disposal of the jar and, suspecting that Shingen has died, go to report the death. The thief, however, overhearing the spies, goes to offer his services, hoping to be of some use to Shingen in death. The Takeda clan preserves the deception by saying they were making an offering of sake to the god of the lake.

The spies follow the Takeda army as they march home from the siege. Although they suspect that Shingen has died, they are later convinced by the kagemusha's performance.

Returning home, the kagemusha successfully fools Shingen's concubines and grandson. By imitating Shingen's gestures and learning more about him, the kagemusha begins to take on the persona of Shingen, and is able to impress bodyguards and fool Takemaru, Takeda Katsuyori's son and Shingen's grandson, who was very close with Shingen. When the kagemusha must preside over a clan council to plan how to respond to provocative attacks made by Tokugawa against Takeda border castles, he is instructed by Nobukado to not speak until Nobukado brings the generals to a consensus, whereupon the kagemusha will simply agree with the generals' plan and dismiss the council. However, Katsuyori is incensed by the general's decision to have an impostor play the role of his late father, instead of allowing him to inherit the leadership of the clan. Katsuyori thus decides to deliberately infuriate the generals by testing the kagemusha in front of the council, as the majority of the attendants are not aware that Shingen is dead. Katsuyori directly asks the kagemusha what course of action the "lord thinks" should be taken. After a long moment of tense silence, the kagemusha replies, "Do not move. A mountain does not move." before concluding the meeting, a reference to the motto on the fūrinkazan which identifies Shingen with an immovable mountain. The kagemusha's convincing improvisation further impresses the generals and secures their confidence in the kagemusha as well as further reinforcing the hostility between Katsuyori and the rest of the clan leadership.

In 1573, Oda Nobunaga is mobilizing his forces to attack Azai Nagamasa, continuing his campaign in central Honshu to maintain his control of Kyoto against the growing opposition of a coalition of rival clans, which it is feared that the Takeda will align themselves with. When the Tokugawa and Oda clans launch an attack on Takeda territory, Katsuyori, begins a counteroffensive against the advice of other generals. The kagemusha is forced to lead reinforcements to the 1574 Battle of Takatenjin, and helps inspire the troops to victory.

In a fit of overconfidence, the kagemusha attempts to ride Shingen's spirited horse. When he falls off, those who rush to help him see that he does not have their lord's battle scars, and he is revealed as an impostor. The thief is driven out of the palace in disgrace, and Katsuyori takes over the clan. Oda and Tokugawa, sensing weakness in the Takeda clan leadership, are emboldened to begin a full-scale offensive into the Takeda homeland to permanently remove the clan as an obstacle to their further expansion.

Now in full control of the Takeda army, Katsuyori leads the counter-offensive against Nobunaga, resulting in the Battle of Nagashino. Wave after wave of attacking Takeda cavalry and infantry are cut down by volleys of arquebus fire from Oda troops deployed behind wooden stockades, effectively eliminating the Takeda army. The exiled kagemusha, who has followed the Takeda army, witnesses the slaughter. In a final show of loyalty, he takes up a spear and makes a futile charge against the Oda lines. Mortally wounded, the kagemusha attempts to retrieve the fūrinkazan that had fallen into a river, but succumbs to his wounds as he wades into the water, grasping for the standard. His body floats past the standard as the film concludes with a long shot of the sunken Fūrinkazan as the credits roll.

Production

George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola are credited at the end of the film as executive producers in the international version. This is because they convinced 20th Century Fox to make up a shortfall in the film's budget when the original producers, Toho Studios, could not afford to complete the film. In return, 20th Century Fox received the international distribution rights to the film.

Kurosawa originally cast the actor Shintaro Katsu in the title role. Katsu left the production, however, before the first day of shooting was over; in an interview for the Criterion Collection DVD, executive producer Coppola states that Katsu angered Kurosawa by arriving with his own camera crew to record Kurosawa's filmmaking methods. It is unclear whether Katsu was fired or left of his own accord, but he was replaced by Tatsuya Nakadai, a well-known actor who had appeared in a number of Kurosawa's previous films. Nakadai played both the kagemusha and the lord whom he impersonated.

Kurosawa wrote a part in Kagemusha for his longtime regular actor Takashi Shimura, and Kagemusha was the last Kurosawa film in which Shimura appeared. However, the scene in which he plays a servant who accompanies a western doctor to a meeting with Shingen was cut from the foreign release of the film. The Criterion Collection DVD release of the film restored this scene as well as approximately another eighteen minutes in the film.

According to Lucas, Kurosawa used 5000 extras for the final battle sequence, filming for a whole day, then he cut it down to 90 seconds in the final release. Many beautiful special effects, and a number of scenes that filled holes in the story, landed on the "cutting-room floor".

Cast

Reception

Kagemusha was the number one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1980, earning ¥2.7 billion in distribution income.[4]

Awards

At the 1980 Cannes Film Festival, Kagemusha shared the Palme d'Or with All That Jazz.[5] Kagemusha was nominated for two Academy Awards (Best Art Direction (Yoshirō Muraki) and Best Foreign Language Film).[6][7] The film won the César Award in 1981 for Best Foreign Film.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ritchie, Donald (1998). The Films of Akira Kurosawa (3 ed.). University of California Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-520-22037-9.
  2. ↑ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p259
  3. ↑ Rayns, Tony (2006). Talking with the Director. Criterion Collection. Criterion Collection. p. 13.
  4. ↑ "Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1980-nen" (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  5. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Kagemusha". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  6. ↑ "The 53rd Academy Awards (1981) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  7. ↑ "NY Times: Kagemusha". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
  8. ↑ "1980 Award Winners". National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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