Isaac N. Youngs

Isaac Newton Youngs (July 4, 1793 – August 7, 1865) was a member of the Shakers. He was a prolific scribe, correspondent, and diarist who documented the history of the New Lebanon, New York Church Family of Shakers from 1815 to 1865.

Early life

Isaac Newton Youngs was born in Johnstown, New York on July 4, 1793, the youngest child of Martha (Farley) and Seth Youngs, Jr. He was christened in the Methodist church there.

Seth Youngs decided to join the Shakers when Isaac was about six months old, and took Isaac and his other young children into the Shaker society at Watervliet, New York, where Isaac's aunt and uncle, Molly (Van Epps) and Benjamin Youngs, lived. Isaac's mother chose not to join, so the infant Isaac was fostered by Benjamin and Molly Youngs at first.[1]

Youngs lived with them for several years in an arrangement that was not unusual at the time. Many children, Shaker or not, were separated from their parents at young ages. Being “put out” or sent to live with another family was an old custom meant to keep children from being spoiled. Children were indentured to learn trades, as well, and that often meant living as an apprentice with the family of a master craftsman, rather than with kin.[2]

Benjamin Youngs was a clockmaker, and his nephew Isaac was fascinated by machinery. He learned to tell time before he could talk, and enjoyed watching his uncle work on clocks.[1]

At age thirteen, Youngs was sent from Watervliet to the New Lebanon, New York Shaker village, where he became an apprentice to tailors David Slosson and Rufus Bishop. He spent most of his life at New Lebanon. Due to his work ethic and intelligence he was allowed to branch out into additional trades, including clockmaking.

Youngs struggled with the demands of life as a Believer. Celibacy was especially difficult for a young man. He was rebellious and sexually tempted, but he learned humility, resisted temptation, conquered his lust, and became a role model to younger Shakers.[3]

Employment

Shakers had a strong work ethic and each Believer’s workday was supposed to be filled with productive activity every waking moment. The New Lebanon Shaker village journals show how busy Youngs was.

Youngs was versatile in his work. He taught the New Lebanon Church Family boys' school, spent part of every winter tailoring and training new apprentices. During planting and harvest seasons, he worked on the farm. He co-authored A Juvenile Monitor, which was a guide for good behavior for children and youth. He helped build the new meeting house for the New Lebanon Church Family, wrote poems and a hymn for its dedication, and repaired its tin roof. He built furniture, transcribed hymnals by hand, helped build the brethren’s new workshop, and attended camp meetings, repaired the village’s waterworks, built an arch in the sisters’ weave shop, ran social meetings for the Children’s Order, worked on the Church Family dwelling, turned more than a thousand clothespins on a lathe, and laid a new floor in the dairy.[4]

A prolific scribe, Youngs kept detailed records about himself and his society, including several domestic journals, a clockmaker's journal, tailor's journals, and at least three religious journals. He composed a dialogue between the Flesh and the Spirit, an autobiography in verse, and a spiritual autobiography. More than eight thousand pages of his writings survive as historical documentation of the Shaker Ministry's home village from 1815 to 1865. (See list below.) In 1834, he toured the Shaker societies in Ohio and Kentucky, kept a journal of the trip, and made maps of the villages he visited.

Youngs also wrote poetry (some of it lyrics for hymns) and did the Church Family's bookkeeping.[5]

He worked on clocks throughout his life, and perfected his wall clock design with wooden works in 1840. Several of his 1840 wall clocks are at Hancock Shaker Village.[6]

Two members of his society described him as a genius. One of his students, Elisha Blakeman, wrote that Youngs’ mechanical genius was remarkable. He could turn machinist, mason or anything that promoted the general good. Many conveniences, which added so much to Shakers' domestic happiness, Blakeman concluded, owed their origin to Youngs.[7]

Youngs mastered a number of trades. He was a tailor, mechanic, and inventor (of a metronome, toneometer, leveling instrument, and five-pointed pen for drawing music staffs (several now at Hancock Shaker Village). He was also a lens-grinder, stonecutter, button maker, tinsmith, printer, pipe fitter, joiner, and blacksmith. He built a sundial, made sisters' tools such as knitting needles, bodkins, and a weaver’s reed. He was the master builder for the New Lebanon Church Family’s 1839 schoolhouse.[8]

After working as the New Lebanon boys' schoolteacher, Isaac Newton Youngs designed a new teacher’s desk.[9]

Youngs held the first position in the New Lebanon Shaker choir, where he set the pitch for their hymns during worship. He wrote tunes and lyrics, and taught singing. He also corresponded with other musicians throughout the society to standardize their music notation. He wrote The Rudiments of Music Displayed and Explained in 1833.[4]

His A Short Abridgement of the Rules of Music, published in 1843, was the second historically notable collection of Shaker music to be published (the first being their hymnal Millennial Praises in 1813).[10] Composer Roger Lee Hall has researched this theory book and composed one of the tunes and his composition is titled, "Seven Variations on a Shaker Marching Tune."[11]

However, Youngs complained of being overworked. In 1837, in his Autobiography in Verse, he wrote: "I’m overrun with work and chores / Upon the farm or within doors," and added, "An endless list of chores & notions, To keep me in perpetual motion."[12]

Later life

From 1856 to 1860, Youngs wrote a history of the New Lebanon Shakers. In it, he covered a wide variety of topics, including equality of the sexes, worship, building construction, farming practices, brethren's trades, food, dress (women's as well as men's), women's work, music, education, avoidance of militia service and other conflicts with the state, donations, and casualties.[13]

In his later years, he suffered from health problems, perhaps a result of lead poisoning from years of soldering seams in tin roofs. He grew anxious and depressed, as well as feeling even more overworked; he was uncomfortable physically and emotionally. He grew to despise tailoring, his primary trade. But he continued to keep the New Lebanon Church Family journal almost to the end of his life.[14] In 1864, he wrote that he was very much out of health and recognized that he was not always rational.[15] Finally he slipped into dementia, as had his parents and several siblings before him.

Isaac Newton Youngs died at age 72. Giles Avery, one of his former students, wrote: "Dear Br Isaac N. Youngs, now exceedingly demented, jumped out of a fourth story window, at the south end of the great central house; onto the walk below, he lived only about 2 hours, thereafter." Despite the problems of his later years, he was eulogized with affection, respect, and empathy.[16]

Selected Bibliography of Isaac N. Youngs' Works

Notes

  1. 1 2 Wergland, chapter 2.
  2. ↑ Edmund S. Morgan, Puritan Family, 76–79; David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 101–2.
  3. ↑ Wergland, chapters 3 and 4.
  4. 1 2 Wergland, chapter 5.
  5. ↑ Isaac N. Youngs' letters, journals, and account books are preserved at Western Reserve Historical Society, Library of Congress, Hancock Shaker Village, Shaker Museum and Library, Winterthur Museum Library, and New York State Library.
  6. ↑ Jerry Grant and Douglas Allen, Shaker Furniture Makers, (Hanover, N.H.: Published for Hancock Shaker Village by University Press of New England, 1989), 42-46. Other Youngs family clocks are illustrated in Edward Deming Andrews and Faith Andrews, Work and Worship: The Economic Order of the Shakers (Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1974), 147.
  7. ↑ Elisha D. Blakeman, Eulogical to Brother Isaac N. Youngs, September 1866, Western Reserve Historical Society ms. VI:B-21.
  8. ↑ Grant and Allen 35-49; Wergland 147.
  9. ↑ Grant and Allen 39-42.
  10. ↑ Rycenga, Jennifer, Denise A. Seachrist and Elaine Keillor, "Snapshot: Three Views of Music and Religion", pgs. 129 - 139, in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music.
  11. ↑ http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/AmericanPlacesCD.htm
  12. ↑ Isaac N. Youngs, Autobiography in Verse, Winterthur, Andrews Shaker Collection ms. 818, printed in Edward D. Andrews and Faith Andrews, Fruits of the Shaker Tree of Life (Stockbridge, Mass.: Berkshire Traveller Press, 1975): 129-34.
  13. ↑ Isaac N. Youngs, A Concise View of the Church of God and of Christ on Earth, Edward Deming Andrews Shaker Collection, Winterthur Museum Library, manuscript 861.
  14. ↑ Wergland ch. 10-11.
  15. ↑ Grant and Allen 50-51.
  16. ↑ Giles Avery, Register of Incidents & Events, August 7, 1865, New York Public Library. Wergland ch. 12.

References

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

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