Internationalism or Russification?
Internationalism or Russification? (Ukrainian: Інтернаціоналізм чи русифікація?) is a book by Ukrainian writer and social activist Ivan Dziuba, written in September-December 1965.
History of writing
The immediate impetus for writing this work were political repressions that took place in Ukrainian SSR in 1965 against the Ukrainian intellectuals. In August and September 1965 in Kiev, Lviv, Lutsk, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil about three dozen of young Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested. On September 4 in Kiev during the premiere of the Sergei Parajanov's movie Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors poets Vasyl Stus and Ivan Dziuba called for protesting against political repression.
Content
In the work Internationalism or Russification?, written under the influence of those events, Dziuba analyzed from a Marxist position the national and cultural policy of the Soviet Union in Ukraine. The author sent his work to the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Petro Shelest, and to the Head of the Ukrainian SSR government, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, and its Russian translation - to the leadership of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
In Internationalism or Russification? Dziuba argued that during Joseph Stalin's rule the CPSU had moved to the positions of Russian chauvinism. His argumentation the author built largely on quotations from the works of Vladimir Lenin and party documents of the 1920s. He believed that the policy of the CPSU, particularly in Ukraine, contradicts with the fundamental interests of the Ukrainian people and contended that the solution is in returning to Lenin's principles of national policy.
Spread of the book
The work Internationalism or Russification? spread in the samizdat, and in February, 1968 it was published in the magazine The Contemporary (Сучасність). Without permission and knowledge of the author the book was repeatedly issued outside of the Soviet Union in Ukrainian, English, Russian, Chinese French and Italian languages. In Ukraine, this work was legally published only in 1990 in the magazine Motherland (Вітчизна), and as a book it was first published in 1998.
The reaction of the Soviet government
The Soviet government announced Internationalism or Russification? as an Anti-Soviet work, and its distribution, storage or even just reading - as a crime. Dziuba lost his job, he was expelled from the Writers' Union of Ukraine and faced harassment from the KGB, and in 1972 was jailed for 18 months.
See also
References
- Дзюба І. М. Інтернаціоналізм чи русифікація? Переднє слово
- Іван Дзюба «Інтернаціоналізм чи русифікація?» The book on litopys.org.ua (in Ukrainian)