Indian Land Claims Settlements

The Mohegan Sun, developed on land taken in trust for the Mohegan as a product of settlement

Indian Land Claims Settlements are settlements of Native American land claims by the United States Congress, codified in 25 U.S.C. ch. 19.

In several instances, these settlements ended live claims of aboriginal title in the United States. The first two—the Rhode Island Claims Settlement Act and the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act—extinguished all aboriginal title in Rhode Island and Maine, respectively, following initial court rulings in the tribes' favor.

The Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claims Settlement of 1994 also followed a judicial ruling in favor of a tribe, but did not extinguish all aboriginal title in the state. Other tribes had pending land claims.

The Passamaquoddy (1975), Narragansett I and II (1976), and Mohegan (1980, 1982) cases occurred in the U.S. Supreme Court's Oneida I (1974) decision, which held that there was federal subject-matter jurisdiction for such claims.

The Florida Indian (Miccosukee) Land Claims Settlement and Florida Indian (Seminole) Land Claims Settlement relate to water rights in the Everglades.

In Canada, these settlements involve First Nations.

List of settlements

Act	Passed	Tribe	Preceding litigation	Subject matter	Monetary compensation
Rhode Island Claims Settlement Act^[1]	Sept. 30, 1978	Narragansett	Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. S. R.I. Land Dev. Co., 418 F. Supp. 798 (D.R.I. 1976); Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Murphy, 426 F. Supp. 132 (D.R.I. 1976)	Aboriginal title	$3,500,000
Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act [modified by Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians Supplementary Claims Settlement Act and Aroostock Band of Micmacs Settlement Act]^[2]	Oct. 10, 1980	Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, and Maliseet	Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton, 388 F. Supp. 649 (D. Me. 1975), aff'd, 528 F.2d 370 (1st Cir. 1975)	Aboriginal title	$81,500,000
Florida Indian (Miccosukee) Land Claims Settlement^[3]	Dec. 31, 1982	Miccosukee	Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida v. Florida, No. 79-cv-253 (S.D. Fl.)	Water rights	None
Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement^[4]	Oct. 18, 1983	Mashantucket Pequot Tribe	W. Pequot Tribe of Indians v. Holdridge Enters., Inc., No. H76-cv-193 (D. Conn.)	Aboriginal title	$900,000
Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians Supplementary Claims Settlement Act [modifying the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act]^[5]	Oct. 27, 1986	Maliseet	N/A	Aboriginal title	$200,000
Massachusetts Indian Land Claims Settlement^[6]	Aug. 18, 1987	Wampanoag	Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head v. Town of Gay Head, No. 74-cv-5826 (D. Mass.)	Aboriginal title	$4,500,000
Florida Indian (Seminole) Land Claims Settlement^[7]	Dec. 31, 1987	Seminole	Seminole Tribe of Indians of Florida v. Florida, No. 78-cv-6116 (S.D. Fla.)	Water rights	None
Washington Indian (Puyallup) Land Claims Settlement^[8]	June 21, 1989	Puyallup	Excludes land from settlement in: Puyallup Tribe of Indians v. Port of Tacoma, 717 F.2d 1251 (9th Cir. 1983)	Aboriginal title	$162,000,000
Seneca Nation (New York) Land Claims Settlement^[9]	Nov. 3, 1990	Seneca	18 Stat. 330; 26 Stat. 558; Seneca Nation of Indians v. United States, 39 Ind. Cl. Comm. 355 (1977)	Retroactive federal approval of leases and previous inadequate settlement	$60,000,000
Aroostock Band of Micmacs Settlement Act [modifying Maine Indian Land Claims Settlement]^[10]	Nov. 26, 1991	Micmacs	N/A	Aboriginal title	$900,000
Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claims Settlement^[11]	Oct. 19, 1994	Mohegan people	Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut, 483 F. Supp. 597 (D. Conn. 1980), aff'd, 638 F.2d 612 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 968 (1981), on remand, 528 F. Supp. 1359 (D. Conn. 1982)	Aboriginal title	None
Crow Boundary Settlement^[12]	Nov. 2, 1994	Crow		Indian reservation boundary surveying error	$35,000,000
Santo Domingo Pueblo Claims Settlement^[13]	Nov. 1, 2000	Pueblo	United States v. Thompson, 941 F.2d 1074 (10th Cir. 1991); Pueblo of Santo Domingo v. Rael, Civil No. 83-1888 (D. N.M.)	Aboriginal title	$23,000,000
Torres-Martinez Desert Cahiilla Indian Claims Settlement^[14]	Dec. 27, 2000	Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians	United States ex rel. Torres-Martinez Band of Mission Indians v. Imperial Irrigation Dist., No. 82-cv-1790 (S.D. Cal.), Nos. 93-cv-55389, 93-cv-55398, and 93-cv-55402, No. 92-cv-55129 (9th Cir.); Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians v. Imperial Irrigation Dist., No. 91-cv-1670 (S.D. Cal.)	Indian reservation flooding	$14,200,000
Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Nation Claims Settlement^[15]	Dec. 13, 2002	Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw	(Ct. Cl.); United States v. Cherokee Nation, 480 U.S. 700 (1987), Nos. 218-cv-89L and 630-cv-89L (Ct. Cl. 1989); (E.D. Ok. 1997); excluding Choctaw Nation v. Oklahoma, 397 U.S. 620 (1970)	Mismanagement of tribal resources	$40,000,000
Pueblo De San Ildefonso Claims Settlement^[16]	Sept. 27, 2006	Pueblo	Pueblo of San Ildefonso v. United States, No. 660-87L (Ct. Cl.); prior history: United States v. Pueblo of San Ildefonso, 513 F.2d 1383 (Ct. Cl. 1975); Pueblo of San Ildefonso v. United States, 35 Fed. Cl. 777 (1996)	Aboriginal title, inter alia	$6,900,000

Other compensated extinguishments in the US

Decisions of the Indian Claims Commission
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)
South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, 476 U.S. 498 (1986): settled for $50,000,000 by the Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina Land Claims Settlement Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-116, 107 Stat 1118 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 941)

Notes

↑ Pub. L. No. 95-395, 92 Stat. 813 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1701--16).
↑ Pub. L. No. 96-420, 94 Stat. 1785 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1721--35).
↑ Pub. L. No. 97-399, 96 Stat. 2012 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1741--50).
↑ Pub. L. No. 98-134, 97 Stat. 851 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1751--60).
↑ Pub. L. No. 99-566, 100 Stat 3184 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1724).
↑ Pub. L. No. 100-95, 101 Stat. 704 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1771).
↑ Pub. L. No. 100-228, 101 Stat. 1556 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1772).
↑ Pub. L. No. 101-41, 103 Stat. 83 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1773).
↑ Pub. L. No. 101-503, 104 Stat. 1292 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1774).
↑ Pub. L. No. 102-171, 105 Stat. 1143 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1721).
↑ Pub. L. No. 103-377, 108 Stat. 3501 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1775).
↑ Pub. L. No. 103-444, 108 Stat. 4632 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1776).
↑ Pub. L. No. 106-425, 114 Stat. 1890 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1777).
↑ Pub. L. No. 106-568, 114 Stat. 2906 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1778).
↑ Pub. L. No. 107-331, 116 Stat. 2845 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1779).
↑ Pub. L. No. 109-286, 120 Stat. 1218 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1780).

References

Jeff Benedict, Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino (2001).
John C. Christie, Jr., The Catawba Indian Land Claim: A Giant Among Indian Land Claims, 24 Am. Indian Culture & Res. J. 173 (2000).
Kim Isaac Eisler, Revenge of the Pequots: How a Small Native American Tribe Created the World's Most Profitable Casino (2002).
Nicole Friederichs, A Reason to Revisit Maine's Indian Claims Settlement Acts: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 35 Am. Indian L. Rev. 497 (2011).
Brett Duval Fromson, Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History (2004).
Granville Ganter, Sovereign Municipalities? Twenty Years After the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act of 1980, in Enduring Legacies: Native American Treaties and Contemporary Controversies (Bruce Elliott Johansen ed., 2004).
Gavin Kentch, A Corporate Culture? The Environmental Justice Challenges of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 81 Miss. L.J. 813 (2012).
Dean J. Kotlowski, Out of the Woods: The Making of the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, 30 Am. Indian Culture & Res. J. 63 (2006).
Alfred R. Light, The Myth of Everglades Settlement, 11 St. Thomas L. Rev. 55 (1998).
Barbara S. Monahan, Florida's Seminole Indian Land Claims Agreement: Vehicle for an Innovative Water Rights Compact, 15 Am. Indian L. Rev. 341 (1991).

External links

Full text of 25 U.S.C. tit. 19

Aboriginal title in the United States

Statutes

Colonial era	Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629 New Netherland) Royal Proclamation of 1763 (British North America) Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783

United States	Northwest Ordinance (1787) Nonintercourse Act (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) Removal Act (1830) Dawes Act (1887) Diminishment Curtis Act of 1898 Reorganization Act (1934) Indian Claims Commission Act (1946) Indian Land Claims Settlements (1978–2006) Indian Claims Limitations Act (1982)

Precedents

Marshall Court	Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Taney Court	Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857) New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)

1890—1950	Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)

Warren Court	Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)

Burger Court	Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974) Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (1979) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe (1986)

Rehnquist Court	Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997) Idaho v. United States (2001) City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)

By state

Compare

Rights of Native Americans in the United States

Case law	Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl Bryan v. Itasca County Cherokee Nation v. Georgia City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York Cobell v. Salazar County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State Ex parte Crow Dog Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation Fellows v. Blacksmith Hodel v. Irving Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho Idaho v. United States Johnson v. M'Intosh Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission Menominee Tribe v. United States Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy Solem v. Bartlett South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. Standing Bear v. Crook Talton v. Mayes Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States United States v. Lara United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. Williams v. Lee Worcester v. Georgia

Legislation	Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act American Indian Religious Freedom Act Burke Act Civilization Act Curtis Act Dawes Act Diminishment Indian Arts and Crafts Act Indian Child Welfare Act Indian Citizenship Act Indian Civil Rights Act Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Indian Removal Act Indian Reorganization Act Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Nationality Act Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Native American Languages Act Nonintercourse Act Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act

Related	Aboriginal title Bureau of Indian Affairs Cherokee Commission Dawes Rolls Eagle feather law Eagle-bone whistle Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii Hunting license In the Courts of the Conqueror National Indian Gaming Commission Native American gaming Native American Rights Fund Public Law 280 Recognition of sacred sites State recognized tribes Treaty rights Tribal sovereignty Federally recognized tribes

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