Tombonuwo language

Tombonuo
Lobu
Native to Malaysia
Region Sabah
Ethnicity Tambanuo
Native speakers
 10,000 (2000)[1]
3,000 Lingkabau (2003)[1]
Dialects
  • Lingkabau
Language codes
ISO 639-3 txa
Glottolog tomb1244[2]

Tombonuwo (Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwest Sabah.[3][4] Tombonuwo is apparently also the name

Phonology[5]

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive p b t d g k ʔ
Fricative s
Affricate dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral l
Trill r
Semi-vowel w y

The phonemes /p, t, k, s, ʔ/ are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.

Vowels

Non-back Back
High i u
Non-high a o

/o/ is often pronounced as unrounded [ʌ].

/a/ is neutralized to [ʌ] in a pre-stressed syllable.

Morphology

Focus

Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause[6] (see Austronesian alignment).

Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme".[7] Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.

Tense and aspect[7]

The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.

Demonstratives[7]

References

  1. 1 2 Tombonuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Tombonuo". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ King, Julie (1984). The Paitanic language family. Languages of Sabah: a survey report. Canberra: Australian National University. p. 146. ISBN 0858832976.
  4. ↑ Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping and reconstruction (PDF) (PHD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i. p. 370.
  5. ↑ King, John Wayne (1993). Tombonuwo phonemics. Phonological descriptions of Sabah languages. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum. pp. 97–106. ISBN 9789839638059.
  6. ↑ Boutin, Michael (1988). Problems in analyzing focus in the languages of Sabah. Borneo language studies I: Sabah syntax papers. Dallas: SIL. p. 54. ISBN 0883122146.
  7. 1 2 3 King, John Wayne; Levinsohn, Stephen (1991). Participant reference in Tombonuo. Thematic continuity and development in the languages of Sabah. Canberra: Australian National University. p. 76. ISBN 0-85883-406-5.


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