South African Sign Language

South African Sign Language
Native to South Africa
Native speakers
 235,000 (2011 census)[1]
BANZSL
  • South African Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3 sfs
Glottolog sout1404[2]

South African Sign Language (SASL) is the official sign language used by Deaf people in South Africa. It is not an official language of South Africa.[3] The South African government added a National Language Unit for South African Sign Language in 2001.[4] SASL is not the only sign language used in South Africa,[5][6] but it is the language that is being promoted as the language to be used by all Deaf people in South Africa,[7] although the Deaf in South Africa historically do not form a single group.

In 1995, the previous South African National Council for the Deaf (SANCD) was transformed into the Deaf Federation of South Africa (DeafSA),[8] which resulted in a radical policy change in matters for deaf people in South Africa, such as the development and adoption of a single sign language and the promotion of sign language over oralism. Schools for the deaf have remained largely untransformed, however, and different schools for deaf children in South African still use different sign language systems, and at a number of schools for the deaf the use of any sign language is either discouraged or simply not taught.[9] There are as many as twelve distinctly different dialects of sign language in South Africa.[10]

In addition to South African sign languages, American Sign Language (ASL) is also used by some Deaf people in South Africa. Most local sign languages in South Africa show influence of American sign language.

SASL is the sign language that is used during television news casts in South Africa. Sign language is also used in the South African parliament, but different sign language interpreters are known to use different signs for the same concepts.[11] There are around 40 schools for the Deaf in South Africa, most using a variety of SASL.

"Sign language" is mentioned in the South African constitution, and the South African Schools Act permits the study of "sign language" in lieu of an official language studied at school.[12][13]

By 2011, there were 84 SASL interpreters on DeafSA's interpreter register, including 43 without any training, 31 who have completed 240 study hours of interpreter training, and 10 who have gained an additional 3 years' experience and completed a further 480 study hours.[14] A total of 7 SASL interpreters have actually been accredited by SATI/DeafSA.[15] SASL interpreters can apply for accreditation without having completed any formal training in SASL.[16]

Status

South African Sign Language is not entirely uniform and continues to evolve. Due to the geographical spread of its users and past educational policies, there are localised dialects of South African Sign Language and signs with many variants. Earlier efforts to create reference material and standardise the language, such as books[17] (1980 Talking to the Deaf,[18] 1994 Dictionary of SASL[19]), can only be used as historical records of the language. Daily TV broadcasts in sign language give today's South African Sign Language its national cohesion and unity.

Official recognition

Sign language is mentioned in four South African laws, namely the Constitution, the Use of Official Languages Act, the South African Schools Act, and the Pan South African Language Board Act.

General recognition

The Constitution states that a board named the Pan South African Language Board should be established to "promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of ... sign language".[20] In terms of the law that establishes the Pan South African Language Board (Act 59 of 1995), the board may establish language bodies to advise it on "any particular language, sign language or augmentative and alternative communication".[21]

In terms of the Use of Official Languages Act, Act No. 12 of 2012, all government departments and government entities must have a language policy that states which languages are considered the official languages of that entity, and each language policy must also specify how that department or entity intends to communicate with people whose language of choice is "South African sign language".[22]

Neither South African Sign Language nor any other sign language is an official language of South Africa. In 2008 the SASL Policy Implementation Conference gathered many key role players including scholars, researchers and teachers, policy makers, advocates and governmental bodies to promote South African Sign Language to become recognised as South Africa's twelfth official language.

Educational recognition

According to the South African Schools Act, Act 84 of 1996, all schools must have a language policy, and that when selecting languages for such a policy, a "recognised Sign Language" should be evaluated as if it has official language status along with the other eleven official languages.[23]

According to the "Language in Education" policy in terms of section 3(4)(m) of the National Education Policy Act, Act 27 of 1996, the main aims of the Ministry of Education’s policy for language in education include "to support the teaching and learning of all other languages required by learners or used by communities in South Africa, including languages used for religious purposes, languages which are important for international trade and communication, and South African Sign Language, as well as Alternative and Augmentative Communication".[24]

South African Sign Language is accepted as one of the languages of instruction in the education of Deaf learners.

Demographics

The number of deaf people in South Africa (600,000 deaf and 1.4 million people with hearing loss)[25] does not give an accurate depiction of the number of people who communicate in South African Sign Language. There is currently no estimate for the number of people who communicate in South African Sign Language in South Africa. Estimates vary greatly, from 700,000 to 2 million users.[26] A request was made to the Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) to measure this as part of the 2011 census.

Linguistic features

Fingerspelling

South African Sign Language one-handed manual alphabet for fingerspelling

Fingerspelling is a manual technique of signing used to spell letters and numbers (numerals, cardinals). Therefore, fingerspelling is a sign language technique for borrowing words from spoken languages, as well as for spelling names of people, places and objects. It is a practical tool to refer to the written word.

Some words which are often fingerspelled tend to become signs in their own right (becoming "frozen"), following linguistic transformation processes such as alphanumeric incorporation and abbreviation. For instance, the sign-name for Cape Town uses incorporated fingerspelled letters C.T. ( transition from handshape for letter 'C' to letter 'T' of both wrists with rotation an horizontal axis). The month of July is often abbreviated as 'J-L-Y'.

Fingerspelling words is not a substitute for using existing signs : it takes longer to sign and it is harder to perceive. If the fingerspelled word is a borrowing, fingerspelling depends on both users having knowledge of the oral language (English, Sotho, Afrikaans). Although proper names (such as a person's name, a company name) are often fingerspelled, it is often a temporary measure until the Deaf community agrees on a Sign name replacement.

Sign-names and Idioms

Sign names are specific signs which are associated with proper names (a location, a person, an organisation). Sign names are often chosen based on a salient physical property. For instance, the sign name for Nelson Mandela is signed using a flat B-hand that follows a hair-line over the head. The sign name for the bank ABSA is made with both hands following the movement implied in the company corporate logo.

Variation

South Africa one of a few countries to have legal recognition of sign language.[27] There is presumably some regional variation, but signers from across the country can readily understand each other, as demonstrated for example at the annual Deaf Forum.

It is commonly believed among South Africans, even among deaf South Africans, that different language communities have different sign languages. This is evidently the result of the deaf not being able to understand sign-language interpreters from other communities. However, this is because such "interpreters" do not actually use sign language, but rather Signed English, Signed Xhosa, etc., and only those who have been schooled in these artificial codes can understand them. (See manually coded language in South Africa.)

History of education of the deaf in South Africa

Timeline:[19]

As early as 1863, Irish nuns were involved in training programmes for the Deaf.[19] Irish Sign Language, "originally heavily influenced by French Sign Language" is said to have had a noticeable influence in sign languages in the world, including in South Africa.[28]

In 1874 in Cape Town, the first institution for the Deaf called Grimley Institute for Deaf and Dumb was established by an Irish Deaf woman named Bridget Lynne.[29][30]

In 1881 in Worcester, De La Bat school for the Deaf was established.

From 1877, Dominican sisters started to settle near Durban. In 1884, Sister Stephanie Hanshuber, from Germany, introduced the oral method in South Africa.[31]

In 1888 "King William's Town Convent School for the Education of the Deaf" was formally opened.

"Since there is little historical evidence, it is presumed that South African Sign Language has a mixture of the Irish influence from the Dominican Irish nuns, and British influence as well as the American influence. (Sign Language is the natural language of the Deaf.)"[32]

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ South African Sign Language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "South African Sign Language". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ http://www.pmg.org.za/docs/2007/070216memorandum.htm
  4. ↑ http://eprints.ru.ac.za/2954/1/GANISO-MA-TR12-54.pdf
  5. ↑ http://spil.journals.ac.za/pub/article/viewFile/55/80
  6. ↑ http://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2009/5/sign_language_booklet.pdf
  7. ↑ Aarons, Debra and Philemon Aakach. South African Sign Language: one language or many? In Language in South Africa, ed by Rajend Mesthrie, 127-147. Cambridge University Press.
  8. ↑ http://www.deafsa.co.za/about-us/
  9. ↑ http://spilplus.journals.ac.za/pub/article/download/94/182 PDF page 4, document page 114
  10. ↑ http://argief.beeld.com/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/02/13/B1/4/tnjdowes.html
  11. ↑ http://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/4200/Selzer,%20M.pdf
  12. ↑ Reagan, Timothy (2008), "South African Sign Language and language-in-education policy in South Africa" (PDF), Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, 38: 165–190, retrieved 2010-07-14
  13. ↑ "Bill NO. 84 OF 1996", South African Schools Act, 1996, 1996, retrieved 2010-08-02
  14. ↑ http://www.deafsa.co.za/documents/SASLI_policy.pdf
  15. ↑ http://www.saslinc.co.za/
  16. ↑ http://translators.org.za/sati_cms/downloads/dynamic/sati_accreditation_for_sasl_interpreting_english.pdf
  17. ↑ Lavanithum, Joseph (2008), "The impact of using graphic representations of signs in teaching signs to hearing mothers of deaf children" (PDF), PhD thesis Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria: 20, retrieved 2010-07-14
  18. ↑ Nieder-Heitman, N. (1980), Talking to the Deaf. Praat met die Dowes. A visual manual of standardized signs for the Deaf in South AfricaLanguage policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service, South Africa: Government Printer
  19. 1 2 3 Penn, Claire; Ogilvy-Foreman, Dale; Doldin, Debbie; Landman, Kas; Jan, Steenekamp (1994), Dictionary of Southern African Signs for Communication with the Deaf, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa), pp. 599–613 [600], ISBN 0-7969-1523-7
  20. ↑ http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1996-108.pdf Constitution of the Republic of South Africa section 6.5.8.iii
  21. ↑ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70979 Pan South African Language Board Act, Act 59 of 1995 section 8(8)(b)
  22. ↑ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=175746 Use of Official Languages Act, Act No. 12 of 2012 section 4.2(d)
  23. ↑ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70921 South African Schools Act, Act 84 of 1996 section 6(4)
  24. ↑ http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XpJ7gz4rPT0%3D&tabid=390&mid=1125 "Language in Education" policy in terms of section 3(4)(m) of the National Education Policy Act, Act 27 of 1996
  25. ↑ (2003). DeafSA Information Booklet. South Africa: DeafSA.
  26. ↑ Olivier, Jaco (2007), South African Sign Language, retrieved 2007-10-09
  27. ↑ (1987). A Loss for Words: The Story of Deafness in a Family. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 31. ISBN 0-06-091425-4.
  28. ↑ Lucas, Ceil (2001), The Sociolinguistics of sign languages, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge University Press, p. 29, ISBN 0-521-79137-5
  29. ↑ Heap, Marion; Morgans, Helen (2006), "11" (PDF), Language policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa), pp. 134–147 [141], ISBN 0-7969-2137-7
  30. ↑ Boner, K (2000), Dominican women: A time to speak, Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Press
  31. ↑ A Short History of St Vincent School, 2009, retrieved 2010-07-14
  32. ↑ Morgans, Helen (1999), Where did South African Sign Language Originate?, Language Matters, 30 (1), South Africa: Routledge Informa Ltd, pp. 53–58, doi:10.1080/10228199908566144

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