Kullu language
| Kullu | |
|---|---|
| Kulvi | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh |
Native speakers |
110,000 (1997)[1] Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[2] |
|
Indo-European
| |
| Devanagari script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kfx |
| Glottolog |
kull1236[3] |
Kullu (Kullū, also known as Kuluī and Kulvi) is a Western Pahari language spoken in Himachal Pradesh.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p pʰ |
b bʱ |
t̪ t̪ʰ |
d̪ d̪ʱ |
ʈ ʈʰ |
ɖ ɖʱ |
k kʰ |
ɡ ɡʱ |
ʔ | |||||
| Affricate | ts tsʰ |
dz dzʱ |
c cʰ |
j jʱ |
||||||||||
| Fricative | s | ś | ħ | ɦ | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | s | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||
| Trill/Flap | ɲ | ɽ | ||||||||||||
| Lateral | l | m | ||||||||||||
| Approximant | y | |||||||||||||
For the stops and affricates there is a four-way distinction in phonation between tenuis /p/, voiced /b/, aspirated /pʰ/ and breathy voiced /bʱ/ series. Thakur (1975, pp. 175–8) lists as separate phonemes aspirated correlates of /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /j/, /r/, /ɽ/, /l/ and /m/, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless pharyngeal friction. /n̪/ is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a retroflex consonant. /ŋ/ and /r/ are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. /ɳ/, /m/ and /ɽ/, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.[4] The glottal stop occurs only between a vowel and /ɳ/, /n/, /r/ or /l/, e.g. [kɑːʔɭ] "a trumpet", which contrasts with [kɑːɭ] "famine". The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ historically derives from /ɳ/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. [ɡʱɑːħ] "grass", [biːħ] "twenty".[5]
Notes
- ↑ Kullu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kullu Pahari". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ (Thakur 1975, p. 180), an exception is the word [ɽəbɑːɳɑː] "to throw"
- ↑ (Thakur 1975, p. 181)
Bibliography
- Thakur, Mauluram (1975), Pahāṛī bhāṣā, Delhi: Sanmarg Prakashan