Ghomara language

Ghomara
Native to	Morocco
Ethnicity	Ghomara
Native speakers	ca. 10,000 (2009)[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Berber Northern Atlas[2][3] Ghomara
Language codes
ISO 639-3	gho
Glottolog	ghom1257
Ghomara Berber

The Ghomara language is a Northern Berber language spoken in Morocco. It is the mother tongue of the Ghomara Berbers, who total around 10,000 people. Ghomara Berber is spoken on the western edge of the Rif, among the Beni Bu Zra and Beni Mansur tribes of the Ghomara confederacy. Despite being listed as endangered, it is still being passed on to children in these areas.^[4]

Ghomara Berber is relatively similar to Senhadja de Srair Berber spoken around Ketama. However, it is difficult to understand for a speaker of Riffian.

Some typical features that distinguish the Ghomara variety from Riffian Berber are the use of the preposition dar instead of Riffian ghar, the feminine plural ending -an instead of -in, and the absence of spirantisation in word-initial position.

Current status

Although elderly Ghomara teach children how to speak Ghomara Berber at home, the language is still considered threatened, with only 10,000 known speakers. A major reason can be attributed to the small geographical location where this language is used, as well as the more common usage of Arabic throughout Morocco.

Phonology

Vowels

Like Arabic, Ghomara and the other Berber dialects have three vowels: a-, i-, u-.^[5]

Grammar

Nouns

For nouns in Ghomara Berber, there are several common trends. The prefix a-, i-, or u- commonly identifies the masculine singular nouns in Ghomara Berber (i.e., arg'az “man”). For feminine singular nouns, there is both a prefix and a suffix such as ta-…-t (i.e., tarbat “girl”) and is the most common way to identify feminine singular nouns. Masculine plural nouns are characterized by i-…-en or i-…-an (i.e., irg'azen “men”). For feminine plural nouns, ti-…-an (i.e., tirbatan “girls”) is the most common circumfix.^[5]

Pronouns

Ghomara Berber uses personal, singular, and plural pronouns.

The first person singular pronoun nekkin is equivalent to "I" in English. The second person singular male pronoun kedžin and female pronoun kemmin is equivalent to "you" in English. Similarly, in Ghomara Berber, the third person singular male pronoun netta and female pronoun nettaθa is equivalent to him or her in English respectively.

The first person plural pronoun nuçna is equivalent to "we" or "us" in English and the second person plural pronoun kunna is equivalent to "you all" in English. Lastly, niçma is the third person plural pronoun equivalent to "they" in English, and is not distinguished by gender.

Verbs

In Ghomara verbs contain certain affixes that characterize singularity, plurality, and point of view (POV). The following is an example of the verb conjugations for the English word "to write" or ara in Ghomara Berber:

Adjectives

Adjectives have either suffix -ø, which characterizes masculine singular nouns or -θ, which characterizes both feminine singular and all plural nouns. For example:

• Masculine singular: tayfur mellulø “the, a white table”
• Feminine singular: tamγart mezziθ “the, a little woman”
• Masculine plural: irgazen muqqreθ “(the) big men”
• Feminine plural: timettutan muqqreθ “(the) big women”

Vocabulary

An example of common English words in Ghomara Berber:^[5]

• targat: “dream”
• ahlan: “welcome, hello”
• hemmam: “bathroom”
• tamuda: “pig"
• lmakla: “food”
• tanebdut: “summer”
• kama: “bed” (borrowed from Spanish)

Numbers

Ghomara Berber uses a numerical system similar to many other languages. Cardinal numbers yan (“one”, masculine) and yat (“one”, feminine) are the only Berber numerals in Ghomara, while all the other cardinal numbers are borrowed from Moroccan Arabic (zuž (“two”), tlata (“three”), εišrin (“twenty”), tlatin (“thirty”), etc).

References

Further reading

• Mourigh, K. (2015, February 18). A Grammar of Ghomara Berber. Retrieved February 12, 2016, from
• Mourigh, Khalid. 2015. A Grammar of Ghomara Berber (pp. 545). University of Leiden.
• Gabriel Camps and J. Vignet-Zunz. 1998. Ghomâra (Ghumara, Ghmara). In Gabriel Camps (ed.), Gauda - Girrei, 3110-3119. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.
• Colin, Georges S. 1929. Le parler berbère des Ġmāra. Hespéris: (pp. 43–58) archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines.
• Bynon, James. 1970. The Contribution of Linguistics to History in the Field of Berber Studies, in: David Dalby (ed.) Language and History in Africa (London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.) pp. 64–77.
• Maarten Kossmann. 2013. The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 67). Leiden: Brill
• Putten, M. V., Dr. (2014, January 19). Ghadamès. Retrieved February 12, 2016, from http://eugeneslchan.com/Ghadames.htm
• Sadiqi, F., Grammaire du berbère (Casablanca: Afrique Orient, 2004).

Languages of Morocco
Official languages	Arabic1 Berber
Native vernaculars	Arabic Pre-Hilalian Northern Judeo-Moroccan Old Urban Hilal-Mâqil Western Eastern Hassaniya Koiné Darija Berber Atlas Central Atlas Tashelhit Judeo-Berber Sanhaja de Srair Ghomara Gharbi† Zenati Tarifit Tabeldit Eastern Middle Atlas Eastern Morocco Romance Western Sabir† Haketia Spanish†,4 Undescribed African Latin†
Main liturgical languages	Arabic1 2 Hebrew3
Main foreign languages	French Spanish4 English
1 Modern Standard Arabic · 2 Classical Arabic · 3 Medieval Hebrew · 4 Formerly native to Moriscos, extinct as native in Morocco · † Extinct