Grangemouth Refinery

Grangemouth Refinery

Overview of the KG Ethylene Plant.
Location of the Grangemouth Refinery in Scotland
Country Scotland, United Kingdom
City Firth of Forth, Grangemouth
Coordinates 56°01′05″N 3°41′53″W / 56.018°N 3.698°W / 56.018; -3.698Coordinates: 56°01′05″N 3°41′53″W / 56.018°N 3.698°W / 56.018; -3.698
Refinery details
Operator Petroineos
Owner(s) Ineos
PetroChina
Commissioned 1924 (1924)
Capacity 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m3/d)
No. of employees 1,200

Grangemouth Refinery is a mature oil refinery complex located on the Firth of Forth in Grangemouth, Scotland. Currently operated by Petroineos, it is the only crude oil refinery in Scotland (and will be the only operating oil refinery following the cessation of refining activities at the Dundee Refinery[1]) and currently one of six in the UK. It is reputedly the UK's second-oldest refinery, and it supplies refined products to customers in Scotland, northern England and Northern Ireland, as well as occasionally further afield.

History

Location

Grangemouth Refinery commenced operation in 1924 as Scottish Oils. Its location at Grangemouth was selected due to the adjacent Grangemouth Docks which supported the import by ship of Middle East crude oils for feedstock, plus the cheap availability of large areas of reclaimed flat land. Another important factor was the abundant availability of skilled labour in shale oil refining: the first oil works in the world, 'Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company Limited', had opened in 1851 at Boghead near Bathgate, to produce oil from shale or coal using the process patented in 1850 by Glasgow scientist Dr James Young (known as "Paraffin" Young), for "treating bituminous coals to obtain paraffine therefrom".

With the world's first oil wells coming on-line in 1859 in Pennsylvania in the USA, the global price of oil dropped and many Scottish shale oil works became un-economical and had to either close or concentrate production on other materials. By 1910 only five major Scottish shale oil companies remained, fighting to remain competitive against cheaper imported American oil. During the First World War the British government helped to develop new fields in Arabia to provide cheap oil to sustain the war effort. This drove prices even lower to a point where the shale oil industry was unable to compete, and as a result in 1919 the six surviving companies (including Youngs) came together under the management of the newly formed Scottish Oils. That same year Scottish Oils was purchased by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, a forerunner of the British Petroleum Company (later known as BP)

Simple Refinery: 1924-1939

The Refinery operated from 1924 to 1939 at a throughput of 360,000 tonnes per year. It was then forced to shut down between 1939 and 1946 by World War II and the resulting drying up of crude feedstock imports. When operations recommenced in 1946, the refinery underwent a number of major expansion programmes.

Petrochemical complex: 1946-1975

In the 1940s the Distiller’s Company Ltd were investigating synthetic processes for the production of alcohol, to replace the traditional fermentation process using molasses and so resolve issues with unreliability of supply and the associated cost fluctuations. This business need combined with BP's interest in petrochemical development resulted in 1947 in the formation of a joint company, British Hydrocarbon Chemicals Ltd. The new company located its site adjacent the existing BP Grangemouth Refinery, utilising available feedstock from the refinery byproduct streams. This petrochemical plant was commissioned in 1951, the first in Europe.

In the 1950s the refinery was connected to the Finnart Oil Terminal at Loch Long on the west coast of Scotland by a 58-mile (93 km) pipeline, to allow the import of crudes via deep-water jetty, which supported the use of larger oil tankers. The first crude oil import from Finnart was in 1952.

Later on in the century a second line was also installed to allow the direct supply of finished refinery products to the Finnart terminal, primarily for export to markets in Northern Ireland and the republic.

In the 1960s, a pilot "proteins-from-oil" production facility was built at the refinery. It used British Petroleum's technology for feeding n-paraffins to yeast, in order to produce single cell protein for poultry and cattle feed.[2]

BP’s operations at Grangemouth grew over the next twenty years to meet the growing demands for both petrochemicals and fuels.

North Sea Oil: 1975-2004

In 1975 the discovery of North Sea Oil brought the commissioning of the Kinneil Crude Oil Stabilisation terminal, which connected directly into the BP Forties pipeline system; this plant serves to stabilise Forties Crude oil for either export to third parties or feeding into the refinery, and allowed the processing of North Sea oil as part of the refinery crude 'slate' of feedstocks.

Post-BP Period: 2004-present

In 2004 BP decided to divest its worldwide olefins and derivatives business: the sale included the Refinery and connected petrochemicals complex (excluding the Kinneil terminal, which BP retains). In 2005 the new company created to run this business was named Innovene, and later that year it was purchased by Ineos, a privately owned UK-based chemicals company.

In 2011 the Ineos Refining business, which included both the Grangemouth and Lavera (outside Marseilles, France) Refineries, entered into a 50%/50% joint venture with the Chinese state oil company Petrochina, to form the PetroIneos company.

Grangemouth Refinery today employs over 1300 people over a 700 hectare site.

Scenes from the 2013 film World War Z featuring Brad Pitt were filmed near the facility.[3][4][5]

Operation

December 2011

The Grangemouth Refinery is a major landmark, with its numerous gas flares and cooling towers visible across a wide area of the Scottish Lowlands.

The refinery has a 'nameplate' capacity for processing 210,000 barrels (33,000 m3) of crude oil daily. It currently employs about 1,200 permanent staff, and a further 1,000 contractors.

It processed approximately 400,000 tonnes of imported crude oil annually until the end of the Second World War, and subsequent expansion programmes have increased refining capacity to an excess of 10 million tonnes per year.[6]

The BP-owned North Sea Forties pipeline system terminates at the Kinneil processing facility, and surplus crude is exported via pipeline to the Dalmeny tank farm, and subsequently shipped out from the Hound Point marine terminal onto oil tankers of up to 350,000 D.W.T. which are able to navigate the shallow water of the Forth.

Annual output share

Safety record

Refinery from the Bathgate Hills

One of the refinery's biggest accidents happened at 7am on Sunday 22 March 1987 when the HydroCracker Unit exploded. The resulting vibrations and noise could be heard up to 30 km away. The resulting fire burned for most of the day. Two workers were killed.[7]

In 2002, BP the former owners of the plant, were fined £1m for breaching safety laws during a series of incidents which occurred in 2000.[8]

Ineos went to court in April 2008 over claims that it had polluted the River Forth in mid-2007.[9]

Ineos industrial disputes

In 2008, Ineos proposed that plant workers start contributing a share towards their own pensions (a final salary pension scheme[10]), instead of the existing non-contributory fixed salary pensions. The request would have obliged future new entry employees to pay 6% of their salary, phased in over a six-year period. 97% of the Unite trade union's 1,250 members at Grangemouth voted in favour of strike action. David Watt, of the Institute of Directors in Scotland, stated that the average Grangemouth Refinery plant worker earns £40,000 per year (nearly twice the Scottish average.)[11] This was disputed by the Deputy General Secretary of the Scottish Trades Union Congress, Dave Moxham, who stated that they earn £30,000 per year.[10]

The strike began on 27 April 2008, and lasted until 29 April.[12] The petrol supply of Scotland was affected by the strike, as panic buying led some petrol stations across the country to run dry.[13] The Retail Motor Industry Federation stated that there was a stock of fuel that could last 70 days, easily covering the lapse in production so long as no panic buying occurred.[14] With the shutdown of the plant, BP closed the Forties pipeline system as their Kinneil terminal relies on power from the Grangemouth refinery.[15] With the shutdown of Kinneil, 70 North Sea oil platforms were forced to shut down or reduce production, at the cost of 700,000 barrels per day (110,000 m3/d).[15] Shutting the pipeline down reduced Britain's petroleum supply (the Forties pipeline provides 30% of the UK's North Sea oil), and cost the UK economy £50 million in lost production every day it remained closed.[16]

There was further industrial action in 2013. Ineos stated that the plant was making losses, and offered a survival plan requiring employees to accept worse employment terms, particularly on pensions, which the employees rejected.[17][18] Ineos stated in October 2013 that the petrochemical works would close.[19][20] Following negotiations led by Scottish Finance Secretary John Swinney and Scottish Secretary Alistair Carmichael, on 24 October the unions accepted a survival plan put forward from the management of the plant.[21] On 25 October 2013, it was announced the plant will stay open and Unite had agreed to taking no strike action for three years, moving to a new pension scheme and accepting a three-year pay freeze.[22]

Panorama of Grangemouth petrochemical works, November 2006

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.nynas.com/en/Environment-and-society/Environment/Dundee-Refinery/
  2. ↑ Bamberg, J. H. (2000). British Petroleum and global oil, 1950-1975: the challenge of nationalism. Volume 3 of British Petroleum and Global Oil 1950-1975: The Challenge of Nationalism, J. H. Bamberg British Petroleum series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 426–428. ISBN 0-521-78515-4.
  3. ↑ http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/w/World-War-Z.html#.VGZm8MmhpCs
  4. ↑ http://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/local-news/grangemouth-features-in-hollywood-trailer-1-2641156
  5. ↑ http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/zombie-fever-heads-east-as-pitt-hits-grangemouth.14815065
  6. ↑ UKPIA - Overview of Grangemouth Facility
  7. ↑ http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/casebpgrang87b.htm The Hydrocracker Explosion and Fire at BP Oil, Grangemouth Refinery. 22 March 1987
  8. ↑ "BP fined £1m for safety offences". BBC News. 18 January 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  9. ↑ "Court action for refinery bosses". BBC News. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  10. 1 2 "Workers left with no alternative". BBC News. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  11. ↑ "'Be realistic' call to petrol workers". BBC News. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  12. ↑ "Deal could end refinery dispute". BBC News. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  13. ↑ "The petrol picture in Scotland". BBC News. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  14. ↑ "Q&A: The Grangemouth dispute". BBC News. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  15. 1 2 "Opec warns oil could reach $200". BBC News. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  16. ↑ "'Weeks' to re-start strike plant". BBC News. 26 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  17. ↑ Anthony Clark (17 October 2013). "Unite accuses Ineos of 'fancy accounting' over Grangemouth". Plastics & Rubber Weekly. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Douglas Fraser (18 October 2013). "Shedding light on Grangemouth". BBC. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  19. ↑ "Grangemouth dispute: Ineos says petrochemical plant will close". BBC News. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  20. ↑ "Grangemouth plant shutdown leaves government fighting to save 800 jobs". The Guardian. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  21. ↑ "Grangemouth dispute: Hopes rise after Unite accepts survival plan". BBC News. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  22. ↑ "Grangemouth dispute: Ineos says plant will stay open". BBC News. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
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