George Kennan (explorer)

This article is about the explorer and war correspondent. For the US diplomat and historian, see George F. Kennan.
George Kennan

George Kennan - photo from 1885
Born (1845-02-16)February 16, 1845
Norwalk, Ohio, United States
Died May 10, 1924 (1924-05-11) (aged 79)
Nationality American
Occupation journalist, war correspondent
Years active 1878–1924

George Kennan (February 16, 1845 – May 10, 1924) was an American explorer noted for his travels in the Kamchatka and Caucasus regions of the Russian Empire. He was a cousin twice removed of diplomat and historian George F. Kennan, with whom he shared his birthday.

Biography

Early years

An Afro-Abkhazian. Photo by George Kennan, 1870.

George Kennan was born in Norwalk, Ohio, and was keenly interested in travel from an early age. However, due to family finances he began work at the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company telegraph office at age twelve.

Career

In 1864, he secured employment with the Russian–American Telegraph Company to survey a route for a proposed overland telegraph line through Siberia and across the Bering Strait. Having spent two years in the wilds of Kamchatka, he returned to Ohio via Saint Petersburg and soon became well known by his lectures, articles and a book about his travels.

In his book, Tent Life in Siberia, Kennan provided ethnographies, histories and descriptions of many native peoples in Siberia, that are still important for researchers. They include stories about the Koraks (modern spelling: Koryaks), Kamchatdal (Itelmens), Chookchees (Chukchis), Yookaghirs (Yukaghirs), Chooances (Chuvans), Yakoots (Yakuts) and Gakouts. During 1870, he returned to St. Petersburg and travelled to Dagestan, in the northern Caucasus region, which had been annexed by the Russian Empire only ten years previously. There he became the first American to explore its highlands, a remote Muslim region of herders, silversmiths, carpet-weavers and other craftsmen. He travelled onward through the northern Caucasus area, stopping in Samashki and Grozny, before returning once more to America in 1871. These travels earned him a reputation as an "expert" on all matters pertaining to Russia.

Kennan subsequently (1878) obtained a position with the Associated Press based in Washington, D.C., and as a war correspondent travelled throughout his career to many conflict areas of the world. He also contributed articles to magazines, such as Century Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, McClure's Magazine, (a muckraker magazine) and The Outlook.

In May 1885, Kennan began another voyage in Russia, this time across Siberia from Europe.[1] He had been very publicly positive about the Tsarist Russian government and its policies and his journey was approved by the Russian government. However, in the course of his meetings with exiled dissidents during his travel, notably Nikolai Mikhailovich Yadrintsev (1842–1894), Kennan changed his mind about the Russian imperial system. He had been particularly impressed by Catherine Breshkovsky, the populist "little grandmother of the Russian Revolution". She had bidden him farewell in the small Transbaikal village to which she was confined by saying "We may die in exile and our grand children may die in exile, but something will come of it at last." He also met a teenage Leonid Krasin during this journey.[2]

On his return to the United States in August 1886, he became an ardent critic of the Russian autocracy and began to espouse the cause of Russian democracy. Kennan devoted much of the next twenty years to promoting the cause of a Russian revolution, mainly by lecturing. Kennan was one of the most prolific lecturers of the late nineteenth century. He spoke before a million or so people during the 1890s, including two hundred consecutive evening appearances during 1890–91 (excepting Sundays) before crowds of as many as two thousand people. His reports on conditions in Siberia were published serially by Century Magazine, and in 1891 he published a two-volume book Siberia and The Exile System. This book, with first-hand interviews, data, and drawings by the artist George Albert Frost, had an influential effect on American public opinion.

In addition to Catherine Breshkovskaia, Kennan befriended other émigrés such as Peter Kropotkin and Sergei Kravchinskii. He became the best-known member of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom—whose membership included Mark Twain and Julia Ward Howe—and also helped found Free Russia, the first English-language journal to oppose Tsarist Russia. In 1901 the Russian government responded by banning him from Russia.

Kennan was not completely obsessed with Russian matters: as a reporter and war correspondent, he also covered American politics, the Spanish–American War, the assassination of President William McKinley, and the Russo-Japanese War, as well as World War I and the Russian Revolution. He also published a book, E. H. Harriman's Far Eastern Plans, (1917, The Country Life Press) about Harriman's efforts to secure a lease to the South Manchuria Railway from Japan, as well as The Chicago and Alton Case: A Misunderstood Transaction, (1916, The Country Life Press), defending Harriman's purchase of the Chicago & Alton Railroad from politically motivated criticism by the ICC and Teddy Roosevelt.

Kennan was vehemently against the October Revolution, because he felt the Soviet government lacked the "knowledge, experience, or education to deal successfully with the tremendous problems that have come up for solutions since the overthrow of the Tsar". President Woodrow Wilson did read and weigh Kennan's report to him in 1918 criticizing the Bolshevik government,[3] but Kennan eventually criticized Wilson's administration for being too timid in intervening against Bolshevism.

"The Russian leopard has not changed its spots. ... The new Bolshevik constitution … leaves all power just where it has been for the last five years—in the hands of a small group of self-appointed bureaucrats which the people can neither remove nor control."—Kennan's last criticism of Bolshevism written in the Medina Tribune (a small-town newspaper), July 1923.

Death and legacy

George Kennan died on May 10, 1924, and is buried in Boxwood Cemetery, Medina, Orleans County, New York.

Works

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Kennan, George (1891). Siberia and the Exile System. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.
  2. ↑ Michael Glenny, "Leonid Krasin: The Years before 1917: An Outline," Soviet Studies, vol. 22, no. 2 (Oct. 1970), pp. 192–221.
  3. ↑ Berg, A. Scott (2013). Wilson. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-399-15921-3.

Further reading

External links

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