George Fernandes

George Fernandes

George Fernandes in 2002
Minister of Defence
In office
21 October 2001 – 22 May 2004
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by Jaswant Singh
Succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee
In office
19 March 1998 – 16 March 2001
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by Mulayam Singh Yadav
Succeeded by Jaswant Singh
Minister of Railways
In office
2 December 1989 – 10 November 1990
Prime Minister V. P. Singh
Preceded by Madhav Rao Scindia
Succeeded by Janeshwar Mishra
Member of the Indian Parliament
for Bihar (Rajya Sabha)
In office
4 August 2009 – 7 July 2010
Member of the Indian Parliament
for Muzaffarpur
In office
2004–2009
Preceded by Jainarain Prasad Nishad
Succeeded by Jainarain Prasad Nishad
In office
1989–1996
Preceded by Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi
Succeeded by Jainarain Prasad Nishad
In office
1977–1984
Preceded by Nawal Kishore Sinha
Succeeded by Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi
Member of the Indian Parliament
for Nalanda
In office
1996–2004
Preceded by Vijoy Kumar Yadav
Succeeded by Nitish Kumar
Personal details
Born (1930-06-03) 3 June 1930
Mangalore, South Canara, Madras Presidency of British India
(now in Karnataka, India)
Nationality Indian
Political party Samata Manch[1]
Spouse(s) Leila Kabir
Children 1 son
Residence Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Signature

George Mathew Fernandes[2] (born 3 June 1930) is a former Indian trade unionist, politician,[3] journalist,[4] agriculturist, and member of Rajya Sabha from Bihar.[5] He was a key member of the Janata Dal, and is the founder of the Samata Party. He has held several ministerial portfolios including communications, industry, railways, and defence, and was the only Christian minister in Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's cabinet.[6]

A native of Mangalore, Fernandes was sent to Bangalore in 1946 to be trained as a priest. In 1949 he moved to Bombay, where he joined the socialist trade union movement. Becoming a fiery trade union leader, Fernandes organised many strikes and bandhs in Bombay in the 1950s and 1960s He Was Working in Indian Railways Service. He defeated Mr S K Patil an Indian national Congress stalwart in the 1967 parliamentary elections from the South Bombay (now south Mumbai) constituency and was known as a giant killer.The most notable agitation he organised was the 1974 Railway strike, when he was President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. Fernandes went underground during the Emergency era of 1975, while challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for imposing a state of emergency, but in 1976 he was arrested and tried in the infamous Baroda dynamite case.

In 1977, after the Emergency had been lifted, Fernandes won the Muzaffarpur seat in Bihar in absentia and was appointed as Union Minister for Industries. During his tenure as union minister, he ordered American multinationals IBM and Coca Cola to leave the country, due to investment violations. He was the driving force behind the Konkan Railway project during his tenure as railway minister from 1989 to 1990. He was a defence minister in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government (1998–2004), when the Kargil War broke out between India and Pakistan, and India conducted its nuclear tests at Pokhran. A veteran socialist, Fernandes has been dogged by various controversies, including the Barak Missile scandal and the Tehelka affair. George Fernandes won nine Lok Sabha elections from 1967 to 2004.[7]

Early life

George Fernandes was born on 3 June 1930 to John Joseph Fernandes and Alice Martha Fernandes (née Pinto), in Mangalore to a Mangalorean Catholic family.[8] The eldest of six children, his siblings are Lawrence, Michael, Paul, Aloysius, and Richard. His mother was a great admirer of King George V (who was also born on 3 June), hence she named her first son George. His father was employed by the Peerless Finance group as an insurance executive, and headed their office of South India for several years. George was fondly called "Gerry" in close family circles. He completed his Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC) at St. Aloysius College, Mangalore.[8]

In the orthodox tradition of the family, George being the eldest son, was sent for religious education to St Peter's Seminary in Bangalore at the age of 16, to be trained as a Roman Catholic priest from 1946 to 1948.[9][10] At the age of 19, he left the seminary due to sheer frustration because he was appalled that the rectors ate better food and sat at higher tables than the seminarians.[11] He later confessed that, "I was disillusioned, because there was a lot of difference between precept and practice where the Church was concerned."[9] He began work at the age of 19, organising exploited workers in the road transport industry and in the hotels and restaurants in Mangalore.[12][13]

Life in Bombay

After leaving the seminary, Fernandes moved to Bombay in 1949 in search of a job. His life was tough in Bombay, and he had to sleep on the streets, until he got a job as a proofreader for a newspaper.[14] He relates to the beginning of his career by saying, "When I came to Bombay, I used to sleep on the benches of Chowpatty Sands. In the middle of the night policemen used to come and wake me up and ask me to move on."[15] He came into contact with veteran union leader Placid D'Mello, and the socialist Rammanohar Lohia, who were the greatest influences on his life.[14][16] Later, he joined the socialist trade union movement.[11] He rose to prominence as a trade unionist and fought for the rights of labourers in small scale service industries such as hotels and restaurants. Emerging as a key figure in the Bombay labour movement in the early 1950s, Fernandes was a central figure in the unionisation of sections of Bombay labour in the 1950s.[17] As a labour organiser, he served many prison terms when his workforce engaged in fights with company goons.[18] He served as a member of the Bombay Municipal Corporation from 1961 to 1968. He won in the civic election in 1961 and, until 1968, continuously raised the problems of the exploited workers in the representative body of the metropolis.[19]

The pivotal moment that thrust Fernandes into the limelight was his decision to contest the 1967 general elections. He was offered a party ticket for the Bombay South constituency by the Samyukta Socialist Party against the politically more popular Sadashiv Kanoji Patil of the Indian National Congress in Bombay. Sadashiv Kanoji Patil, or S.K. Patil, as he was popularly known, was a seasoned politician, with two decades of experience behind him. Nevertheless, Fernandes won against Patil by garnering 48.5 per cent of the votes, thus earning his nickname, "George the Giantkiller". The shocking defeat ended Patil's political career.[20]

Fernandes emerged as a key leader in the upsurge of strike actions in Bombay during the second half of the 1960s but, by the beginnings of the 1970s, the impetus of his leadership had largely disappeared.[17] In 1969, he was chosen General Secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, and in 1973 became the Chairman of the Socialist Party.[19] After the 1970s, Fernandes failed to make major inroads in Bombay's growing private-sector industries.[17]

1974 railway strike

The most notable strike organised by Fernandes, when he was President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation, was the All India Railway strike of 1974, where the entire nation was brought to a halt. The strike was the result of grievances by railway workers that had been built up over two decades before the strike. Though there were three Pay commissions between 1947 and 1974, none of them increased the cost of living of the workers.[21] In February 1974, the National Coordinating Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle (NCCRS) was formed to bring all the railway unions, the central trade unions and political parties in the Opposition together to prepare for the strike to start on 8 May 1974. In Bombay, electricity and transport workers, as well as taxi drivers joined the protests. In Gaya, Bihar, striking workers and their families squatted on the tracks. More than 10,000 workers of the Integral Coach Factory in Madras marched to the Southern Railway headquarters to express their solidarity with the striking workers. Similar protests erupted across the country.[22]

The strike, which started on 8 May 1974, at the time of economic crisis, provoked strong government reactions and massive arrests.[23] According to Amnesty International, 30,000 trade unionists were detained, most held under preventive detention laws. Those arrested included not only members of the strike action committee and trade unionists, but also railwaymen who participated in the strike.[24] The strike was called off unilaterally on 27 May 1974 by the Action Committee. As explained later by Fernandes, "the strike was called off because those conducting the strike had started speaking in different voices."[25] Although large number of prisoners were released, among them Fernandes, thousands remained in detention, charged with specific offences.[24] The strike led to a sense of insecurity and threat that led to Indira Gandhi's imposition of the Emergency era in 1975. Previous strikes were aimed at companies or industries, but this strike was aimed at the government and from its ramifications proved to be the most successful of disastrous industrial actions in Indian history.[23]

Emergency era and union ministry

George Fernandes during his arrest in 1976. This image of Fernandes standing defiantly with his shackled hand raised, became one of the most iconic images of the Emergency era.[26]

The reigning Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the Indian Constitution were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed the emergency were jailed. George Fernandes, along with like-minded leaders, opposed what he saw as a blatant misuse of power. A warrant was issued in Fernandes' name and subsequently he went underground to escape arrest and prosecution. When the police failed to capture him, they arrested and tortured his brother, Lawrence Fernandes, to reveal his brother's whereabouts. Snehalata Reddy, a chronic asthmatic was arrested for being in touch with George Fernandes and, as she was not given adequate care in the prison, died soon after her release.[27]

In July 1975, Fernandes arrived in Baroda. There, he met Kirit Bhatt, who was president of Baroda Union of Journalists, and Vikram Rao, a staff correspondent of The Times of India at Baroda, both who opposed the Emergency. They used to meet and discuss on what could be done to topple the autocratic Indira Gandhi Government. An industrialist friend, Viren J. Shah, managing director of Mukand Ltd., helped them find contacts for procuring dynamite, used extensively in quarries around Halol (near Baroda). They aimed at blowing up toilets in government offices and cause explosions near the venue of public meetings to be addressed by Indira Gandhi. The idea was not to injure anybody, but only create a scare. The explosions were to be carried out either late in the night or hours before the public meeting was to begin to avoid injury. A plan was hatched to blow up a dais four hours before Indira Gandhi was to address a meeting in Varanasi. The conspiracy later came to be known as the infamous Baroda dynamite case.[28][29]

According to Bhatt, there were two more plans that never worked out. Fernandes also wanted to rob a train used to carry weapons from Pimpri (near Poona) to Bombay. The weapons were to be used to blast government offices. Yet another plan was to take the help of other countries by using ham radio.[28]

On 10 June 1976, he was finally arrested in Calcutta on charges of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments in protest against the imposition of emergency, in what came to be known as the Baroda dynamite case.[30] After his arrest, Amnesty International members cabled the Government requesting that he be given immediate access to a lawyer and that his physical protection be guaranteed.[31] Three world leaders from Germany, Norway, and Austria were believed to have cabled Indira Gandhi and cautioned her against harming Fernandes.[8] From Baroda, the accused were shifted to Tihar Jail. The accused were never chargesheeted.[28]

Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977

After the emergency was lifted on 21 March 1977, fresh general elections were held in India. The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a defeat at the hands of the Janata Party, a coalition created in 1977 out of several small parties that opposed Gandhi's Emergency era.[32][33]

The Janata Party and its allies came to power, headed by Morarji Desai, who became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.[34] Fernandes won the Muzaffarpur seat in Bihar by an over 300,000 vote margin in 1977 from jail where he was lodged in the Baroda dynamite case,[35] despite he not even visiting the constituency.[16][36] He was also appointed the Union Minister for Industries.[37] During his union ministership, he clashed with American multinationals like IBM and Coca Cola insisting them to implement FERA, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, which had been passed under Indira Gandhi's government. Under the FERA, foreign investors could not own more than 40 per cent of the share capital in Indian enterprises. The two multinationals decided to shut down their Indian operations, when Fernandes pressed ahead with rigid enforcement of FERA.[38]

During his first tenure as MP, George Fernandes set up a Doordarshan Kendra (1978), Kanti Thermal Power Station (1978) and the Lijjat papad factory to generate employment in Muzaffarpur.[39][40] Fernandes also insisted on women’s empowerment. In November 2014, Kanti Thermal Power Station was renamed as George Fernandes Thermal Power Plant Station(GFTPS).[41][42]

Party memberships and railway ministry

Fernandes (left) with Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2000

During his tenure as a minister in the Janata Party, he continued to be uncomfortable with certain elements of the broad-based Janata coalition, especially with the leaders of the erstwhile Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jan Sangh in the Union Cabinet. In a debate preceding a vote of confidence two years into the government's tenure in 1979, he vehemently spoke out against the practice of permitting members to retain connections to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) while being in the ministry in the Janata Party. The leaders of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, among them Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani, refused to give up their allegiance with the RSS, leading to a split within the Janata Party. The issue of "dual membership" caused Morarji Desai to lose the vote of confidence, and his government was reduced to a minority in the Lok Sabha.[43] After the Janata Party started disintegrating in 1979, Charan Singh left it to form the Janata (Secular) Party and with support from the Congress Party, replaced Desai as Prime Minister.[44]

In the seventh general elections held in 1980, the Janata (Secular) ministry failed to maintain a majority in the Lok Sabha, and Congress once again became the ruling party.[44] Fernandes retained his Parliamentary seat from Muzaffarpur in 1980, and sat in the opposition.[45] He contested for the Lok Sabha in 1984 from Bangalore North constituency against future Railway minister and Congress candidate C. K. Jaffer Sheriff, but lost the election by a margin of 40,000 votes.[46] He then decided to shift his base to Bihar in 1989, when an anti-Congress wave was sweeping the country in the wake of the Bofors scandal,[35] and won Muzaffarpur in the 1989 and 1991 general elections,[45] He later joined the Janata Dal, a party which was formed from the Janata Party at Bangalore in August 1988.[47] His second tenure as Minister of Railways in the V.P. Singh's government from 1989 to 1990, though short-lived, was quite eventful.[5] He was the driving force behind the Konkan Railway project, connecting Mangalore with Bombay.[48] The project happened to be the first major development in the history of Indian Railways since independence.[49]

Fernandes broke away from the erstwhile Janata Dal and formed the Samata Party in 1994,[50] which became a key ally of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a party which is the current form of the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh.[51] BJP formed a short-lived government in the 1996 general elections along with the Samata Party and other allies. The government survived only for 13 days, since the BJP could not gather enough support from other parties to form a majority.[52][53] Fernandes later served in the opposition along with BJP during the two United Front governments (1996–1998) led by Janata Dal ministers H. D. Deve Gowda and Inder Kumar Gujral.[53] After the collapse of the United Front ministry led by Gujral, BJP and its allies won a slender majority in the 1998 general elections. The government lasted only for 13 few months, due to the non-co-operation of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) leader Jayalalitha.[54]

After the collapse of the second BJP-led coalition government, BJP and its allies formed a 24 party alliance called National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which became the first non-Congress coalition government in post-independence India to survive a full five-year term (1999–2004).[55] Later, Fernandes became the convenor of NDA.[56] On 27 July 1999, the Janata Dal again split into two factions, the Janata Dal (United) and the Janata Dal (Secular).[57] In 2003, Fernandes reunited with the Janata Dal (United), and also merged his Samata Party with it.[50][58]

Defence ministry

Main articles: Kargil War and Pokhran-II
Fernandes (left) with US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld in 2002

Fernandes served as the Defence Minister of India in both the second and third National Democratic Alliance governments (1998–2004). During his tenure as the defence minister, the Kargil war over Kashmir broke out between India and Pakistan in 1999. The war began when heavily armed Pakistan-backed intruders dug themselves in at heights of 16,000 feet (4,900 m) – 18,000 feet (5,500 m) on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LOC) along an 80 kilometres (50 mi) stretch north of Kargil. They began attacking the strategic highway linking Srinagar and Leh. As a result, the Indian army undertook the Operation Vijay to push back the Pakistani intruders and regain the occupied territories.[59] The inability of the Indian intelligence and military agencies to detect the infiltration early received criticism, both by the opposition as well as the media. However, Fernandes has refused to acknowledge the failure of intelligence agencies in detecting infiltration along Kargil sector.[60]

In May 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests at the Pokharan range in Rajasthan.[61] Earlier a staunch supporter of nuclear disarmament, Fernandes openly endorsed the NDA government's decision to test the nuclear bombs.[62][63] He was also involved in skirmishes with the then Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy, Vishnu Bhagwat, over promotion of Vice-Admiral Harinder Singh as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Bhagwat was subsequently sacked over the issue.[64] After the Tehelka defence scandal broke out in March 2001, Fernandes quit as defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later.[65] Fernandes has been the only defence minister of a nuclear power who has had a picture of Hiroshima bombing in his office. He has made 18 visits to the icy heights of the 6,600 metres (4.1 mi) Siachen glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield".[6][66][67] He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments.[6]

After the defence ministership

The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2004 general elections.[68] Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes was locked in a bitter party rivalry with his one-time friend, Samata Party co-founder, Nitish Kumar.[69] In the 2009 general elections, he contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent candidate after being denied a ticket by the Janata Dal (United) on health grounds,[70] but lost the election.[71] On 30 July 2009, Fernandes filed his nomination as an independent candidate for the mid-term poll being held for the Rajya Sabha seat vacated by Janata Dal (United) president Sharad Yadav.[72] The Janata Dal (United) did not field any candidate against him, which led to his being elected unopposed. He was sworn in on 4 August 2009.[73]

Controversies

Support to secessionist groups

Fernandes has supported and endorsed many secessionist movements and groups. He has been a long time supporter of The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), an organisation which sought to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Before joining the Vajpayee government in 1997, he organised a controversial public convention of pro-LTTE elements in New Delhi. In July 1998, he reportedly stopped the Indian Navy from intercepting ships suspected of carrying illegal arms to Tamil guerrilla groups. Fernandes was also a patron of the LTTE-backed Fund Raising Committee, set up to help the 26 accused in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case. The Sri Lankan government apparently stated that, "the LTTE's biggest supporter in India is Defence Minister George Fernandes."[74] He has also expressed support for Tibetan refugees fighting for freedom against China, and Burmese rebel groups fighting against the military government in Myanmar.

Mr. Fernandes is a very active supporter of many Burmese anti-government movements. Quoted regularly on exiled Burmese radio stations, he often criticises the junta and its members on a wide array of topics. He opposes the current government's drive to root out anti-Burmese insurgents along the Burmese-Indian border. During his tenures in office, gun runners were allowed to do business using Indian territories, often as stop overs en route from Thailand to Bangladesh.

He also revealed the infamous "Operation Leech" incident, which resulted in the capture of Arakan Army insurgents on one of India's islands in the Andaman Sea. He also fought for the welfare and release of anti-Burmese rebels held by the Indian Government.[75] Once, when the National United Party of Arakan complained to Mr. Fernandes of its members being captured in Indian waters, while carrying arms, he issued orders restricting Indian military movements, and all counter-terror / counter-insurgency operations conducted in the region to be asked for approval from the Central Government.

He also claims that the several islands in the Andaman Sea, including the Coco Islands, which belong to Myanmar, were ceded by the former Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru to the Burmese, rather than part of the original territory gained at Independence.

CIA funding

Main article: Kissinger cables

During the Emergency, as chairman of the Socialist Party of India, he faced prosecution for conspiracy against the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He sought to obtain funding from the US Central Intelligence Agency and the French government to organise underground sabotage activities. After an initial request to seek funding from the French government was turned down, US diplomatic cables showed that he was "prepared to accept money from the CIA".[76]

Tehelka scandal

Main article: Operation West End

Fernandes' name figured prominently in Operation West End, a sting operation in which journalist Mathew Samuel, armed with hidden cameras, from an investigative journal, Tehelka, posing as representatives of a fictitious arms company, appeared to bribe the Bharatiya Janata Party President, Bangaru Laxman, a senior officer in the Indian Army and Jaya Jaitly, the General Secretary of the Samata Party and Fernandes' companion.

The scandal caused uproar all over India and Fernandes was forced to resign from his post as a Defence Minister. He was subsequently cleared by the one man commission headed by retired Justice Phukan. The Phukan Committee Report was rejected by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Government headed by the Congress Party and a new committee headed by Justice K Venkataswami was appointed. The Committee, after lengthy investigation, also absolved Fernandes in the case.

Barak Missile scandal

Main article: Barak Missile scandal

On 10 October 2006, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) registered a First information report (FIR) against Fernandes, his associate Jaya Jaitly, and former navy chief Admiral Sushil Kumar for alleged irregularities in purchasing the ₹7 billion (US$100 million) Barak 1 system from Israel in 2000.[77] Fernandes, however, claimed that the scientific adviser to the Defence Minister in National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government (1998–2004), who later became the President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam, had cleared the missile deal.[77]

As defence minister

Following the Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998, he openly branded China as "India's enemy number one".[78] He later expressed regret for his statements, saying it was wrongly interpreted by the media.[6][67] He has also criticised China for providing sophisticated weapons to Pakistan to build its missiles, and has rapped the Chinese for strengthening their military across the Himalayas in Tibet.[67]

Fernandes has claimed that he was strip searched twice at Dulles Airport in the US Capital area, when he was defence minister—once on an official visit to Washington in early 2002 and another time while en route to Brazil in mid-2003. The details of the strip-search were mentioned in American foreign policy analyst Strobe Talbott's book Engaging India – Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb.[79] However, the US embassy in Delhi issued a formal denial that Fernandes had been strip-searched,[80] and said that, "Fernandes was not strip-searched but a security wand was waved over him when a key in his pocket set off the metal detector."[81] Subsequently, the then United States Deputy Secretary of State, Richard Armitage, personally apologised to Fernandes over the matter.[81] This was one in a series of incidents involving the detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports that marred Indian–US relations post 9/11.[82]

He was accused into the 2002 coffin scam, following allegations that 500 poor quality aluminium caskets were bought from the United States at rates 13 times more than the actual price, to transport the bodies of slain soldiers, after the Kargil War.[83] However, the CBI gave a clean chit to Fernandes in the scam in its 2009 charge sheet.[84]

Writings, journalism, and other work

Fernandes liked writing and journalism even during his student days. He was the editor of a Konkani language monthly Konkani Yuvak (Konkani Youth) in 1949. The same year, he was the editor of the Raithavani weekly in Kannada.[85] The Dockman weekly in English, which had ceased publication, reappeared under the editorship of Fernandes in 1952–53.[86] Though not a prolific writer, Fernandes has penned several books on politics such as What Ails the Socialists (1972), The Kashmir Problem, Railway Strike of 1974, Dignity for All: Essays in Socialism and Democracy (1991), and his autobiography titled George Fernandes Speaks (1991). He was also the editor of an English monthly, The Other Side, and the chairman on the editorial board of the Hindi monthly Pratipaksh.[4] A human rights activist, Fernandes has been a member of the Amnesty International, People's Union for Civil Liberties, and the Press Council of India.

Family and personal life

Fernandes met Leila Kabir, the daughter of educationist and former Union minister Humayun Kabir on a flight back to Delhi from Calcutta. Fernandes, then the general secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, was returning from Bangladesh while Kabir was on her way back from the battlefront where she had gone as an assistant director of the Red Cross. They began dating and were married on 21 July 1971.[87] They have a son, Sean Fernandes, who is an investment banker based in New York.[88] Fernandes and Kabir separated in the mid-1980s.[88] Jaya Jaitly has been Fernandes' companion since 1984.[88]

Fernandes speaks ten languages—Konkani, English, Hindi, Tulu, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Malayalam, and Latin. Konkani is his mother tongue. He learnt Marathi and Urdu in jail, and Latin while he was in the seminary in his early youth. He is extremely fluent in Hindi and English.[89]

Fernandes is suffering from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was undergoing treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar[90] for the diseases at the request of Leila Kabir, who had recently returned to his life.[91] In February 2010, Fernandes' brothers were reported to have been considering a court order for medical treatment and visitation; Kabir and Sean Fernandes are alleged to have forcibly removed Fernandes to an undisclosed location.[92] In July 2010, the Delhi High Court ruled that Fernandes would stay with Kabir and that Fernandes' brothers would be able to visit.[93]

In August 2012 Supreme Court of India granted permission to Jaya Jaitly, a former aide, to visit him, a move which was opposed by his wife and brothers on the ground of her locus standi.[94]

References

  1. ↑ Gupta, Smita (24 October 2013). "Now a Samata Manch to build anti-Congress platform". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  2. ↑ Reddy 1977, p. 144 "(i) Accused George Mathew Fernandes (hereinafter referred to as George Fernandes Al) is the former Chairman of the Socialist Party of India and also the President of the All India Railway- men's Federation."
  3. ↑ Sharma, Surender (1 July 2010). "By George! It's out on the street". MiD DAY. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010. As if it had not earned enough bad name and publicity for one of the most veteran politicians and trade unionist George Fernandes, claimants to his legacy slug it out in streets on Wednesday.
  4. 1 2 "Biographical Sketch (Member of Parliament: 13th Lok Sabha)". Parliament of India. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Shri George Fernandes General Information". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Fernandes: Popular but controversial minister". BBC. 15 March 2001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  7. ↑ "The loneliness of George Fernandes".
  8. 1 2 3 Lasrado, Richie. "A Knight in Shining Armour (A profile of union defence minister George Fernandes)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  9. 1 2 Fernandes & Mathew 1991, p. xi
  10. ↑ Fernandes & Mathew 1991, p. 200
  11. 1 2 Ghosh 2007, p. 85
  12. ↑ Fernandes & Mathew 1991, p. 11
  13. ↑ Fernandes & Matthew 1991, p. 212
  14. 1 2 "George Fernandes". Hindustan Times. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  15. ↑ Himmat, Volume 4. R.M. Lala. 1974. p. 6.
  16. 1 2 "The Vajpayee cabinet: All old timers minus one". Rediff. 13 October 1999. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 Hutchison, Brown & Asia Research Centre 2001, p. 158
  18. ↑ "George Fernandes". The Times of India. 27 June 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010. In his salad days, he served many prison terms as a labour organiser when his workforce squabbled with hired company thugs.
  19. 1 2 Śarmā 1978, p. 130
  20. ↑ Pai, Rajeev D (2 April 2004). "When George Fernandes Humbled the 'king'". Rediff. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  21. ↑ Sherlock, Stephen, ed. (14 October 1989), "Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike", Economic and Political Weekly (Vol. 24, No. 41), p. 2311
  22. ↑ Shridhar, V. (15–28 September 2001). "Chronicle of a strike". 18 (19). Frontline. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  23. 1 2 Doctor, Vikram (6 July 2010). "Real and sham bandhs". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  24. 1 2 Desai 1986, p. 194
  25. ↑ Sharma 1982, p. 163
  26. ↑ "INDIA: Symbol in Chains". Time. 18 October 1976. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "Memories of another day". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 June 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  28. 1 2 3 Ghatwai, Milind (26 June 2000). "Violent protest sans bloodshed against Indira Gandhi's emergency". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  29. ↑ Herdeck & Piramal 1985, p. 58
  30. ↑ Sahasrabuddhe & Vajpayee 1991, p. 537
  31. ↑ Desai 1986, p. 204
  32. ↑ Gort, Jansen & Vroom 2002, p. 246
  33. ↑ Joseph, Krieger & Kesselman 2009, p. 298
  34. ↑ Namboodiripad, E.M.S. (9–22 August 1997). "The Opposition and the Left". 14 (16). Frontline. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  35. 1 2 "George Fernandes Files Nomination as Independent". Outlook. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  36. ↑ "GEORGE FERNANDES: REBEL WITHOUT A PAUSE".
  37. ↑ A. G., Noorani (23 October – 5 November 1999). "The meaning of George Fernandes". 16 (22). Frontline. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  38. ↑ Kux 1993, p. 363
  39. ↑ "Leading by example".
  40. ↑ "Key Contests: George Fernandes vs Bhagwan L Sahni".
  41. ↑ "Kanti's 110MW second unit starts power generation".
  42. ↑ "Nitish vocal tonic to counter BJP claims".
  43. ↑ Thakurta & Raghuraman 2004, p. 313
  44. 1 2 Gupta 2003, pp. 134–135
  45. 1 2 "Nalanda's despair is Muzaffarpur's delight". The Tribune. 1 April 2004. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  46. ↑ Janata, Volume 39. Socialist Party (India). 1984. p. 144. The outstanding win for the Congress (I) came in the Bangalore North constituency where the Union minister, Jaffer Sharief, defeated the Janata Party general secretary, George Fernandes, by a margin of 40,000 votes.
  47. ↑ Fernandes & Mathew 1991, p. 317
  48. ↑ "The Beginning" (PDF). Konkan Railway. Retrieved 3 September 2010. Then, in 1989, when Mr. George Fernandes became Railway Minister, the dream was pursued with greater vigour.
  49. ↑ Ranade 2009, p. 5
  50. 1 2 Kaushal, Pradeep (29 January 2006). "Janata Dal: ...Make, break, make break...". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2010. In 1994, Fernandes and Nitish Kumar broke away, floated the Samata Party.
  51. ↑ Advani, A.H (2004). Business India, Issues 674–679. p. 40. The bjp's key ally, Samata Party, is in a total disarray in Bihar as of now.
  52. ↑ Hasan, Zoya (10–23 April 2004). "The New Power Centres". 21 (08). Frontline. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  53. 1 2 Burns, John F. (29 May 1996). "Hindu Nationalist Cabinet Quits in India as Defeat Looms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  54. ↑ Rana 2000, p. 50
  55. ↑ Hardgrave & Kochanek 2007, p. 262
  56. ↑ Iyer, Shekhar (15 December 2008). "Sharad takes over from 'ill' George as NDA convenor". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  57. ↑ Rana 2000, p. 63, "On 27 July 1999 the JD again split into two factions – JD (United) headed by Sharad Yadav and JD (Secular) headed by Deve Gowda. Its earlier two factions the Samata and the Lok Shakti agreed to unite under one umbrella JD(U)."
  58. ↑ Parsai, Gargi (31 October 2003). "Fernandes to head Janata Dal (United)". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  59. ↑ Joshi, Manoj; Baweja, Harinder. "Kargil War (Blasting Peace)". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  60. ↑ "Fernandes again denies intelligence failure". Rediff. 18 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  61. ↑ Pratap, Anita (17 May 1998). "India releases pictures of nuclear tests". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  62. ↑ Frank 2002, p. 528 "Twenty years later, in 1998, Fernandes—a long-time campaigner for nuclear disarmament—warmly defended India's nuclear testing initiative while serving as Minister of Defence in the BJP Government headed by A. B. Vajpayee."
  63. ↑ Fernandes & Mathew 1991, p. 363, "The nations of the world, both nuclear and non-nuclear, must be told in no uncertain terms that India stands for total nuclear disarmament, and the only way to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons is to ban them once and for all."
  64. ↑ "Navy chief Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat sacked; wife blames 'communal politics'". Rediff. 30 December 1998. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  65. ↑ Venkatesan, V. (27 October – 9 November 2001). "The return of Fernandes". 18 (22). Frontline. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  66. ↑ Unusual places netas love to visit
  67. 1 2 3 McGirk, Tim; Rahman, Maseeh (30 November 1998). "Who Would Have Guessed?". Time. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  68. ↑ Lavakare, Arvind (9 June 2004). "Why the NDA lost". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  69. ↑ Tewary, Amarnath (20 January 2003). "George, Derailed". Outlook. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  70. ↑ "George Fernandes Files Nomination as Independent". Outlook. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  71. ↑ Jha, Priti Nath (17 May 2009). "George Fernandes loses security deposit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010. George Fernandes, who contested the Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha seat as an Independent candidate, lost the election as well as his security deposit marking an end to his 32-year-long political association with Muzaffarpur.
  72. ↑ Sahay, Anand Mohan (30 July 2009). "Fernandes files nomination for RS by poll as JD-U candidate". Rediff. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  73. ↑ Mishra, Vandita (9 August 2009). "Leila and George". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  74. ↑ "Fernandes's flirtation with the LTTE is ominous for Sri Lanka". Rediff. 7 December 2000. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  75. ↑ "George Catches A Chill". Outlook. 17 April 2000. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  76. ↑ "Fernandes 'sought CIA funding' during Emergency". 'The Hindu. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  77. 1 2 "CBI names George Fernandes in arms scandal". The Times of India. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  78. ↑ Rana, Vijay (21 April 2003). "China and India's mutual distrust". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  79. ↑ "Fernandes strip-searched twice during visit to US: Talbott". Rediff. 10 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  80. ↑ "US apologises over body search". BBC. 14 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  81. 1 2 "Strip-search incident: Armitage apologises". Rediff. 14 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  82. ↑ "Airport detention: SRK in company of Kalam and Fernandes". The Hindu. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  83. ↑ "CBI files chargesheet in Kargil coffin scam". The Times of India. The Times of India. 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  84. ↑ Chakrabarti, Sumon (22 August 2009). "Fernandes gets clean chit in Kargil coffin scam". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  85. ↑ Śarmā 1978, p. 131
  86. ↑ Bogaert 1970, p. 37
  87. ↑ Kabir, Leila (31 January 2010). "'I came back to give my son a father but the father never showed up'". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph (Calcutta). Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  88. 1 2 3 Mohan, Archis (4 June 2010). "Catfight on birthday – Ladies clash over George". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph (Calcutta). Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  89. ↑ Rajamani, R. C. (15 August 2004). "George Fernandes, Socialist Who Speaks Many Tongues". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  90. ↑ "George Fernandes being treated by Swami Ramdev". Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  91. ↑ "George Fernandes being treated for Alzheimer's by Yoga Guru Ramdev". DNA. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  92. ↑ Satish, D. P. (20 February 2010). "Ex-defence minister George Fernandes goes missing". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  93. ↑ "George to stay with wife: Court". The Economic Times. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  94. ↑ "Supreme Court allows Jaya Jaitly to visit George Fernandes". The Times of India. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.

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