Fred Kruger

Fred Kruger
View of Mount Pleasant, as seen from School of Mines, Ballarat by Fred Kruger (c. 1866)
Born	Johan Friedrich Carl Kruger 18 April 1831 Berlin, Germany
Died	15 February 1888

Victorian Aboriginals and war implements (c. 1883) by Fred Kruger

Fred Kruger (b. Johan Friedrich Carl Kruger 18 April 1831, d. 15 February 1888) was a German-born photographer noted for his early photography^[1] of landscape and indigenous peoples^[2] in Victoria, Australia.

Migration to Australia from Germany

Kruger was born of a working-class family on 18 April 1831^[3] at 16 Steingassestrasse, Berlin, Germany, and was baptised Johān Friedrich Carl Krüger. He traded as an upholsterer and in 1858 married Auguste Wilhelmine Elisabeth Bauman at Friedrichwerder Church in Berlin. His wife and son migrated to Victoria, Australia, arriving 23 April 1863, as he is thought^[4] to have made the journey earlier to partner in the furniture business established his brother Bernard at Rutherglen in 1854. Kruger subsequently became the sole owner of the furniture business, but then had it sold before 1866 when he set up as cabinetmaker in Taradale.

Photographic career

Later in 1866, Kruger first registered his photography business at 133 Cardigan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, before moving it in August 1867 to High Street, Prahran, Melbourne, continuing there until 1871, then relocating in Preston to High Street and again to Regent Street in that suburb.^[5]

During this period, Kruger was achieving international recognition for his landscape photography, including the award of medals from both the 1872 Vienna Exhibition and the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. He became the first photographer to take group photos of the first Aboriginal cricket team in 1866, which became one of his most recognised images, and was subsequently commissioned in 1877 by the Aboriginal Protection Board to create a collection of work including portraits^[6] of the Aborigines at the Coranderrk Aboriginal Mission Station, which was made public in 1883.^[7] Kruger won more awards; a gold medal for the best collection of landscape views and another, for the best panoramic view of Geelong, at the Geelong Industrial and Juvenile Exhibition in 1879.

In March 1879 Kruger was photographing groups of Geelong residents, ensuring each person could easily be identified in his detailed views, as he did when photographing the Corio Bay rowing crew in November 1879.

"Like Atget, [Kruger] shows the keen awareness of an observer who catches the seasons’ flight and the daily plodding tread of history. He journeyed many miles with his equipment in the photographic cart…patiently collecting hundreds of images of immaculate and unpretentious veracity. We must look closely to get the full value of his sense of history: in small details in countless views, usually in the lower foreground, are the little figures he has assembled to tell us about those people and times and places, with a great deal of precious visual information." Jennie Boddington, Curator of Photography, NGV, 1980.^[8]

"Kruger’s sweeping view shows his sophisticated understanding of how an image can be constructed to encourage viewing. He positions people strategically throughout the photograph and at a slight remove so that they are part of, rather than dominant figure in, an intricate visual imaging of the populated landscape. Kruger was also careful to articulate each element clearly, and this clarity greatly appealed to nineteenth-century tastes….” Dr Isobel Crombie, Curator of Photography, NGV, 2012^[9]

Kruger then settled in Geelong permanently, and his photography studio is registered on 29 December 1887 as located at Skene Street, in the Geelong suburb of Newtown. He created a collection in 1880 of twelve views of the streets and buildings of Geelong, winning him an award at the Melbourne International Exhibition (1880). The government of Victoria engaged him to photograph the Yan Yean Waterworks for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. Kruger gained commissions from house owners to photograph their homes, most famous of which was from Lady Loch, the wife of the Governor.

Kruger made three visits to the Queenscliff region in 1881, 1882 and 1885, capturing views to include the buildings of the settlement and its marine setting.

On 15 February 1888, Kruger died of peritonitis (inflammation of the membranes of abdominal wall and organs). Large holdings of his work have been showcased at the National Gallery of Victoria.^[10]

Wreck of the ship George Roper, Point Lonsdale (1883) by Fred Kruger

Projects and exhibitions

Kruger’s work has been showcased all over the world. One of his most famous pieces of work was the very first group photo of the Aboriginal cricket team, this piece of work was named "Aboriginal Cricketers of Coranderrk", taken in 1866. He had also taken portraits at his studio of the three managers of the Aboriginal cricket team.^[11] Kruger has done many works involving views and landscapes, gaining huge recognition for his work as a landscape photographer. Kruger’s main work was as a landscape photographer and did many different views around the area of his residence, evidentially winning numerous awards for his work in Geelong.^[10]

A comprehensive exhibition Fred Kruger: Intimate Landscapes was held at the Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia from 4 February to 8 July 2012, featuring over 100 of Kruger’s prints, some of the images showing popular towns, building and streets familiar to many Victorians. Some images depicting the Esplanade at Queenscliff, Point Lonsdale and the You Yangs, and plenty more locations and scenes around Victoria. This collection also shows of how Kruger used a type of photographic language to show the social and political standards of Victoria in the mid to late 1800s. This collection of images displays how the Europeans changed the environment and made Australia more advanced while also keeping the nature shown in his images.^[12]

Awards

Yarra Street wharves, Geelong (c. 1878) by Fred Kruger

• 1872 Vienna exhibition in Austria: Gold Medal,
• 1876 Philadelphia Centennial exhibition, Gold Medal,
• 1879 Geelong Industrial and Juvenile exhibition,
• 1880 Geelong Industrial and Juvenile exhibition,
• 1880 Melbourne International exhibition,
• 1886 Colonial and Indian exhibition^[13]

References