Foreign relations of Egypt

Egypt
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Foreign relations of the Arab Republic of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world's commerce and culture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.

Middle East and North Africa

Relations with Africa

In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[1]

Egypt currently disputes sovereignty of the Hala'ib Triangle with Sudan, an area of land located on the Red Sea coast, between the political borders (at the 22nd circle of latitude) and the administrative boundary between the two countries.

Arab relations

The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionally an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Araby is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.

Egypt is on good terms with Libya, its western neighbor.

Egypt has fairly good relations with Sudan, its southern neighbor, although it has a land dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle, a small area of land on the Egypt-Sudan border on the Red Sea coast. Sudan claims the area. Egypt's policy on Sudan is that it is in favor of a united Sudan. As such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process that was hosted in Kenya under the auspices of IGAD and that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long and brutal Sudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted more than 40 years and claimed over 2 million lives.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.

This support has continued to the present, with President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.

In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, has played a substantial role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides and is highly respected on both sides.

 Iran

In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[2] Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8

In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[3] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[4]

 Iraq

Main article: Egypt-Iraq relations

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt’s “natural role” among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt’s membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq’s main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).

 Israel

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved. Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a general consulate in Eilat. Israel has an embassy in Cairo and a general consulate in Alexandria.

Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.

However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli-Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

 Jordan

Diplomatic relations between the Egyptian and Jordanian government existed since Jordan became independent in 1946. On April 6, 1972 the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[5] They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,[6] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.

 Libya

After the neighboring countries of Egypt and Libya both gained independence in the early 1950s, relations were initially cooperative. Libya assisted Egypt in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Later, tensions arose due to Egypt's rapprochement with the west.[7] Following the 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War, relations were suspended for twelve years.[8] However, since 1989 relations have steadily improved. With the progressive lifting of UN and US sanctions from 2003–2008, the two countries have been working together to jointly develop their oil and natural gas industries.[9]

 Morocco

Since independence, the two nations have maintained warm relations. Both being predominantly Arab countries they are members of the Arab League, GAFTA, WTO, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Council of Arab Economic Unity and the United Nations.

 Somalia

Relations between the territories of present-day Egypt and Somalia stretch back to antiquity.[10] In the Middle Ages and early modern era, the various Somali Sultanates also maintained close relations with their counterparts in Egypt.[11]

During the ensuing colonial period, Egypt and Somalia kept close ties through the UN delegate to Somalia Kamal El Din Salah, who supported the territorial integrity of the Somali territories. Upon independence of the Somali Republic in 1960, Egypt was among the first nations to recognize the nascent country.[10] In 1969, Egypt and Somalia were among the founding members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Both nations are also members of the League of Arab States.

After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Egypt maintained diplomatic relations with the Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, and supported their state-building initiatives. As part of the International Contact Group, the Egyptian authorities participated in various global summits in support of the Somalian peace process, including the Khartoum Conference in 2006, the Djibouti Conference in 2008, and the Cairo Conference in 2010.[10]

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the Egyptian authorities, who re-affirmed Egypt's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.[12]

 Sudan

Main article: Egypt-Sudan relations

Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each other's closest allies in the North African region. The two countries are connected by various cultural ties, and political aspirations.Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its Camp David peace initiatives with Israel in the late 1970s. In 2008, Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif urged the two countries to focus on two specific projects: the Aljazera project which aims to cultivate some two million acres (8,000 km²) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agricultural and meat production.

Europe and the Americas

European Union

European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the European Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the co-operation covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10 Mediterranean Partners.

Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.

Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.

The EU is Egypt’s biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt’s main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.

Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.

Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ‘ A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[13]

As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).[14]

Following the bloody crackdown in August 2014, European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt.[15] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[16] and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[17] Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression,[16] but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.

Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsy.[18] In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.[19] At the same time, her declarations about former general al Sisi’s bid for candidacy to the presidential elections as “difficult” but “brave”[20] sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of the Anti-Coup alliance.[21]

In April 2014 European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize an unlawful take on power.[22]

Other European countries

Country Formal relations established Notes
 AlbaniaSee Albania–Egypt relations
 Armenia 1992-03-01 See Armenia–Egypt relations
  • Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991.
  • In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of the Republic of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated in Cairo.[25]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan.
  • Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the 19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain in Egypt to this day.
 BulgariaSee Bulgaria–Egypt relations

Bulgaria has an embassy in Cairo.[26] Egypt has an embassy in Sofia.

 CroatiaSee Croatia–Egypt relations
 CyprusSee Cyprus–Egypt relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960. Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an embassy in Nicosia.

During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[27]

 DenmarkSee Denmark–Egypt relations
 Finland 1947-02-15
 FranceSee Egypt–France relations
 Georgia 1992-05-11
 Germany1957-12[32]See Egypt–Germany relations
 Greece1833 See Egypt-Greece relations

Both countries share relations since the years BC Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.

 Ireland
 Italy See Egypt–Italy relations

Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Milan, while Italy has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate general in Alexandria. Also, the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

See also Italian Egyptian

 Malta
 Portugal
  • Portugal has an embassy in Cairo
  • Egypt has an embassy in Lisbon
 Romania1906
 Russia1943-08-26See Egypt–Russia relations
 Serbia1908
 SloveniaSee Egypt–Slovenia relations
  Switzerland1909
 Turkey1925See Egyptian–Turkish relations

From the time of the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 until the seizure of power by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1805, Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Empire (with brief interruptions owing to native rebellions, and the French invasion of 1798). The seat of the Caliphate in Istanbul and the seat of culture in Cairo. Turkey established diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1925 at the level of Charge d’ Affaires and upgraded its mission in Cairo to Ambassadorial level in 1948. Both countries have embassies and consulate generals in each other's capitals. Both countries have signed a free trade agreement in December 2005. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

 Ukraine1992
  • Since 1993, Egypt has an embassy in Kiev.[40]
  • Since 1993, Ukraine has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.[41]

Americas

Country Formal relations established Notes
 Argentina
 Canada

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

 Mexico31 March 1958
 United States1882

After the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US-Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974.

Military cooperation

Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.44 billion in 2016), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ 276.2 million in 2016).[48] In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian Ocean or the Persian Gulf.

The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest military power on the African continent, and according to Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies' annual Middle East Strategic Balance, the second largest in the Middle East, after Israel.

War on Terror

Despite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US.

However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella.

The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree.

Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.

On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[49]

On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.[50]

 Uruguay

Rest of world

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1950 See Australia–Egypt relations
 Bangladesh
  • Egypt has an embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.[58] President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army.

Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship.

 China
 IndiaSee Egypt–India relations

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Arab-Israeli war, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.

In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[59]

President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[60]

 Indonesia1946 See Egypt–Indonesia relations
 JapanSee Egypt-Japan relations

Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[61] with embassies mutually established.[62] At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.[63]

 Kazakhstan
  • Egypt has an embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.[64]

 Malaysia1957[65] See Egypt–Malaysia relations
 Mongolia1964[66] See Egypt–Mongolia relations

Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[67][68]

 North Korea See Foreign relations of North Korea
 PakistanSee Egypt–Pakistan relations

Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.

 Philippines1955-01-18See Egypt–Philippines relations
 South Africa
 South Korea1995-04-13[69] See Egypt–South Korea relations
 Vietnam 1963-09-01
  • Egypt was the first Arab state to establish bilateral relations with Vietnam.[72]
  • Vietnam first opened its commercial representative office in Egypt in 1958, and opened an embassy in Cairo in 1963.
  • Egypt's Embassy in Hanoi was opened in 1964.

International involvement

Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and Saudi Arabia.

In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the Persian Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.

On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[73]

Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is 1 of only 7 U.N. members which is not a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Soussi, Alasdair (November 9, 2008). "Desperate on the Border". Jerusalem Report. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  2. ↑ Ahmadinejad unwelcome in Egypt: lawyer, Al Arabiya. July 2, 2009
  3. ↑ "WikiLeaks: Diplomatic cables show Egyptian leader's acrimony with Iran", Los Angeles Times, November 29, 2010
  4. ↑ "Iran, Israel and the Arab Contradiction", by Ronen Bergman, Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2010
  5. ↑ US diplomatic cable on the resumption of relations
  6. ↑ "Ronald Reagan: Remarks of President Reagan, President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, and King Hussein I of Jordan Following Their Meetings". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Rabinovich, Abraham (2004) [2005]. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York, NY: Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-4176-0.
  8. ↑ "Egyptian and Syrian Leaders Meet With Qaddafi in Libya". New York Times. March 25, 1990. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  9. ↑ "Mubarak discusses issues of peace, Darfur, economic cooperation in four important meetings". Egyptian State Information Service. April 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  10. 1 2 3 "Somalia - Brief History". Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  11. ↑ P. L. Shinnie, The African Iron Age, (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135
  12. ↑ "Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia". United Nations. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  13. ↑ http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/arab_spring/index_en.htm
  14. ↑ "EU Seeks To Resume Talks On DCFTA With Egypt". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  15. ↑ "EU foreign ministers to discuss how to press Egypt over bloodshed". Reuters. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  16. 1 2 "BBC News - EU suspends arms sales to Egypt over crackdown". BBC News. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  17. ↑ "Egypt PM defiant on threat of aid cut". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  18. ↑ Elizabeth Day. "How Baroness Ashton engineered a secret meeting at dead of night with Morsi". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  19. ↑ http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/20140411_en.pdf
  20. ↑ "EU policy chief calls Sisi presidential bid 'brave'". Mada Masr. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  21. ↑ "Egypt's anti-coup bloc slams Ashton's Sisi visit - Middle East - Worldbulletin News". World Bulletin. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  22. ↑ Alastair Sloan. "Is the EU legitimising Sisi's coup?". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  23. ↑ http://www.mfa.gov.eg/english/embassies/egyptian_embassy_albania/pages/default.aspx
  24. ↑ http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/egypt/en
  25. ↑ "Armenian embassy in Cairo". Armembegypt.com. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  26. ↑ Bulgarian embassy in Cairo Archived February 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ "Cyprus and Egypt keep LNG talks secret". FinancialMirror. April 9, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Danish embassy in Cairo". Ambkairo.um.dk. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  29. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Paris (in Arabic and French)
  30. ↑ Embassy of France in Cairo (in Arabic and French)
  31. ↑ "Georgian embassy in Cairo". Embassy.mfa.gov.ge. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  32. ↑ http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/EEurope/EGrelations/040311050000000001.htm
  33. ↑ "Egyptian embassy in Dublin". Embegyptireland.ie. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  34. ↑ "Department of Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  35. ↑ "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  36. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Valletta Archived January 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Bucharest
  38. ↑ Serbian embassy in Cairo
  39. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Bern
  40. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Kiev
  41. ↑ "Ukrainian embassy in Cairo". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  42. ↑ Embassy of Argentina in Cairo (in English and Spanish)
  43. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Buenos Aires (in Arabic and English)
  44. ↑ Embassy of Canada in Cairo (in Arabic, English and French)
  45. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Ottawa (in Arabic and English)
  46. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Mexico City (in Arabic, English and Spanish)
  47. ↑ Embassy of Mexico in Cairo (in Arabic and Spanish)
  48. ↑ "Scenesetter: President Mubarak's visit to Washington". US Department of State. 2009-05-19.
  49. ↑ Steven Myers and David Kirkpatrick (January 26, 2012). "As Tensions Rise, Egypt Bars Exit of Six Americans". New York Times. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  50. ↑ Londoño, Ernesto and William Wan (5 February 2012). "Egypt to prosecute Americans in NGO probe; Sam LaHood among those facing criminal charges". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  51. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Washington, DC
  52. ↑ Embassy of the United States in Cairo (in Arabic and English)
  53. ↑ Embassy of Egypt in Montevideo (in Arabic and English)
  54. ↑ Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Embassy of Uruguay in Cairo (in English and Spanish)
  55. ↑ "Australian embassy Cairo". Egypt.embassy.gov.au. 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  56. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Canberra
  57. ↑ Egyptian Consulate-General in Sydney
  58. ↑ http://www.thebusinessasia.com/newsite/?p=202
  59. ↑ Egypt State Information Service: Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries
  60. ↑ The Hindu Manmohan: time ripe for transforming ties
  61. ↑ "Embassy Avenue Index". Embassy-avenue.jp. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  62. ↑ "Embassy of Japan in Egypt". Eg.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  63. ↑ Gamal Essam El-Din. "Al-Ahram Weekly - Economy - Japan and Egypt open up". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  64. ↑ Mubarak, Nazarbayev: Need underlined for pushing peace process, developing bilateral ties
  65. ↑ "Bilateral Relations". Embassy of Egypt in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  66. ↑ "Mongolian president discusses cooperation with Egyptian counterpart in Cairo". The Ulaanbaatar Post. 2004-05-03. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  67. ↑ "Missions Abroad". Embassy of Mongolia, Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  68. ↑ "Mongolian president discusses cooperation with Egyptian counterpart". BBC. 2004-05-03. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  69. 1 2 http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24453.jsp?menu=m_30_50
  70. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Seoul
  71. ↑ "South Korean embassy in Cairo". Egy.mofat.go.kr. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  72. ↑ Egypt and Vietnam Relations Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  73. ↑
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