Flag carrier

"National airline" redirects here. For a list of airline companies named National Airlines, see National Airlines (disambiguation).
This article is about transportation companies having flag carrier status. For a naval ship which carries the flag, see flagship. For a person who carries the flag, see Flag bearer. For other uses, see flag carrier (disambiguation).

A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.[1]

Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[2]

A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.

Background

The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered.[3] U.S. law (14 CFR § 121.153 (a) (1)) requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws.[4] Thus when an airline operates an international route, between two countries, having been designated[5] pursuant to a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement any crime that would be committed on board would be prosecuted under the laws of the airline's state. Article 3 (1) of Tokyo Convention declares that "The State of registration [of the aircraft] is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses and acts committed on board.”" Therefore the aircraft is truly carrying the flag of its country.[6] The American definition of "U.S.-flag air carrier service" contained in 48 CFR 47.403-1.[7] is based on this first definition. The U.S. requirements under the Fly America Act,[8] are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code (U.S. Criminal Law) would protect U.S. government employees on flights to foreign countries.

A Boeing 747-400 of UK flag carrier British Airways departs London Heathrow Airport (2015)

The second and more broadly used definition of "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[9] as they were the "main national airline"[10] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[11][12]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[13] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[14] for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[15]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[16] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[17]

In the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized.[18] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[19] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[20] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[21]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country/Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[22] Majority[23]
 Algeria Air Algérie[24] State-owned[25]
 Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[26] Majority[27]
 Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[28] State-owned[28]
 Australia Qantas[29] None State-owned until 1992.[30]
 Austria Austrian Airlines[31] None – owned by Lufthansa[32] State-owned until 5 December 2008.[33]
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[34]
 Bahamas Bahamasair[35] State-owned
 Bahrain Gulf Air[36]
 Bangladesh Biman Bangladesh Airlines[37] Public-limited company State-owned until 23 July 2007.
 Belarus Belavia[38] State-owned[39]
 Belgium Brussels Airlines[40] None – owned by SN Airholding, which biggest share holder (45%) is Lufthansa[32][41]
 Bhutan Druk Air[42] None
 Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación[43] State-owned[44]
 Botswana Air Botswana State-owned
 Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[45] State-owned[45]
 Bulgaria Bulgaria Air[46] Ownership – Balkan Hemus Group EAD 99.99%, State (0.01%)[47]
 Burkina Faso Air Burkina
 Burundi Air Burundi State-owned
 Cambodia Cambodia Angkor Air[48] Majority (51%)[49]
 Cameroon Camair-Co[50]
 Canada Air Canada[51] None State-owned until 1989.[52]
 Cape Verde TACV[53]
 Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[54]
 Chad Toumaï Air Tchad
 Chile LATAM Chile[55][56] None State-owned until September 1989.[57]
 China Air China[58] Majority (51.8%)[59] State-owned until 2004, and indirectly control through parent company until now.[60]
 Colombia Avianca[61] None
 Croatia Croatia Airlines[62] Majority (98%)[63]
 Cuba Cubana de Aviación[64]
 Czech Republic Czech Airlines[65] Majority (56%)[66]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo Airways[67] State-owned[67]
 Denmark Scandinavian Airlines[68] Joint-Venture[nb 1] 
 Norway
 Sweden
 Djibouti Air Djibouti[70] Joint venture
 Ecuador TAME[71] State-owned[72]
 Egypt EgyptAir[73] State-owned[74]
 Equatorial Guinea Ecuato Guineana
 Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned
 Estonia Nordica[75] State-owned[75]
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[76] State-owned
 Fiji Fiji Airways[77] Majority (51%)[78]
 Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[79]
 Finland Finnair[80] Majority (55.8%)[81]
 France Air France[82] 18% share[83]
 French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[84] Majority[85]
 Georgia Georgian Airways None
 Germany Lufthansa[86] None State-owned until 1994;[87] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[88]
 Greece Aegean Airlines[89]
 Greenland Air Greenland[90]
 Guernsey Aurigny Air Services[91] State-owned[92]
 Guyana Caribbean Airlines[93] None
 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific[94] Cross Holding with Air China (29.9%)[95]
 Iceland Icelandair[96]
 India Air India[97] State-owned[97]
 Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[98] Majority
 Ireland Aer Lingus[99] None- owned by International Airlines group, the parent company of British Airway and Iberia [100]State-owned until September 2006.[101][102]
 Iran Iran Air 100% state-owned[103]
 Iraq Iraqi Airways[104]
 Israel El Al[105] Minority (~1.1%)[106] State-owned until June 2004.
 Italy Alitalia[107] Minority (19.48%)[108]State-owned until 2008, and indirectly control through a state-owned company since 2013.[109][110]
 Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[111] Minority (49%)
 Jamaica Caribbean Airlines[112] Minority (16%)
 Japan Japan Airlines[113] None State-owned until 1987.
 Jordan Royal Jordanian[114]
 Kazakhstan Air Astana[115] Majority (51%)[116]
 Kenya Kenya Airways[117] Minority (29.8%)[118]
 Kiribati Air Kiribati
 Kuwait Kuwait Airways[119] State-owned[120]
 Laos Lao Airlines[121] State-owned[122]
 Latvia Air Baltic[123] Majority (99.8%)[124]
 Lebanon Middle East Airlines[125]
 LibyaAfriqiyah Airways[126] State-owned[127]
Libyan Airlines[128] State-owned[128]
 Luxembourg Luxair[129] Majority (73.86%) [130]
 Macau Air Macau[131] Minority (5%)
 Madagascar Air Madagascar[132] Majority
 Malawi Malawian Airlines[133] Majority (51%)[133]
 Malaysia Malaysia Airlines[134]
 Maldives Maldivian
 Malta Air Malta[135] Majority[136]
 Mauritania Mauritania Airlines[137]
 Mauritius Air Mauritius[138]  
 Mexico Aeroméxico None State-owned until 2007.
 Moldova Air Moldova
 Mongolia MIAT Mongolian Airlines[139] State-owned[140]
 Montenegro Montenegro Airlines[141]
 Morocco Royal Air Maroc[142] State-owned
 Mozambique LAM Mozambique Airlines[143] State-owned
 Myanmar Myanmar National Airlines[144] State-owned[145]
 Namibia Air Namibia[146] State-owned (100%)[147]
 Nauru Nauru Airlines[148] State-owned[148]
   Nepal Nepal Airlines[149] State-owned
 Netherlands KLM[150] Minority (6%)[151]
 New Zealand Air New Zealand[152]Majority (53%)[153] State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.
 North Korea Air Koryo[154] State-owned[155]
 Oman Oman Air[156] Majority[157]
 Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines[158] State-owned[159]
 Panama Copa Airlines None
 Papua New Guinea Air Niugini[160]
 PhilippinesPhilippine Airlines[161]
 Poland LOT Polish Airlines[162] Majority (93%)[163]
 Portugal TAP Portugal[164] Majority (50%) [165]
 Qatar Qatar Airways State-owned
 Republic of the Congo Equatorial Congo Airlines[166] Majority (70%)
 Réunion Air Austral[167]
 Romania TAROM[168] Majority (95%)[169]
 Russia Aeroflot[170] Majority (51%)[171]
 Rwanda RwandAir[172] State-owned[172]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG Air
 Samoa Virgin Samoa[173] Joint-venture, minority (49%)[174]
 São Tomé and Príncipe STP Airways None
 Saudi Arabia Saudia[175] Majority
 Serbia Air Serbia[176] Majority (51%)[177]
 Seychelles Air Seychelles[178] None
 Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines[179] State-owned (100%)[180]
 Sierra Leone Arik Air None
 Singapore Singapore Airlines[181] 54.5% through Temasek Holdings[182]
 Slovenia Adria Airways[183] None[183]  
 South Africa South African Airways[184] State-owned[185]
 South Korea Korean Air[186] None[187]
 Spain Iberia[113] Minority (5%)[188]
 Sri Lanka SriLankan Airlines[189] State-owned[190]
 Sudan Sudan Airways State-owned[191]
 Suriname Surinam Airways[192] State-owned[193]
 Swaziland Swaziland Airlink Joint venture
  Switzerland Swiss International Air Lines[194] None – owned by Lufthansa[32]
 Syria Syrian Air[195] State-owned
 Taiwan China Airlines[196] None State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[197]
 Tajikistan Tajik Air State-owned
 Tanzania Air Tanzania State-owned
 Thailand Thai Airways International[198] Majority (51%)
 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Airlines[199] Majority (84%)[200]
 Tunisia Tunisair[201] Majority[201]
 Turkey Turkish Airlines[202] Minority (49%)
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines[203] State-owned
 Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines[204]  
 United Arab Emirates Etihad Airways[205] State-owned[206]
Emirates[207] State-owned
 United Kingdom British Airways[208] None Privatised in 1987.[209]
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Airways[210] Majority
 Venezuela Conviasa State-owned
 Vietnam Vietnam Airlines[211]State-owned[211]
 Vanuatu Air Vanuatu[212]
 Yemen Yemenia[213] Majority
 Zimbabwe Air Zimbabwe[214] State-owned[214]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and is the flag carrier for all three nations.[68][69]

References

  1. ↑ Don Sull (1999). "Case Study easyJet's $500 Million Gamble". European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 1. pp. 21–22.
  2. ↑ "flag carrier definition". Businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  3. ↑ "Convention on International Civil Aviation" (PDF). [International Civil Aviation Organization]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  4. ↑ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,. p. 87.
  5. ↑ "Air Agreements and Designated Air Carriers". [Canadian Transportation Agency]. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  6. ↑ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,.
  7. ↑ "48 CFR 47.403-1 - Availability and unavailability of U.S.-flag air carrier service" (PDF). [U.S. Government Printing Office]. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Guidelines for International Travel Paid for by the Government. Wright State University. Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Paul Stephen Dempsey (1991). "Airline Management; Strategies for the 21st Century". Coast Aire Publication. p. 299.
  10. ↑ "flag airline definition". [MacMillan Dictionary]. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  11. ↑ Henry Ladd Smith (1991). "Airways Abroad; The Story of American World Air Routes". Smithsonian History of Aviation Series,.
  12. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,.
  13. ↑ Arnold Sherman (1972). "To the Skies: The El Al Story". Bantam Books,.
  14. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,. p. 82.
  15. ↑ Tim Pat Coogan (2002). "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora". Palgrave Macmillan,. p. 265.
  16. ↑ David Warnock-Smith and Peter Morrel (2008). "Air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism-dependent economies: A case-history of some US-Caribbean markets". Journal of Air Transport Management 14. p. 230.
  17. ↑ R.E.G. Davies (1987). "Rebels and Reformers of the Airways". Airlife England,. pp. 250–254.
  18. ↑ M. Staniland (2003). "Government birds: air transport and the state in Western Europe". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 68.
  19. ↑ Tai Hoon Oum and A.J. Taylor (1995). "Emerging Patterns in Intercontinental Air Linkages and Implications for International Route Allocation Policy". Transportation Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4 (SUMMER 1995),. pp. 5–27.
  20. ↑ "Open Skies Partners". [U.S. State Department]. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  21. ↑ Joanna Mastalerek (2006). "The Future of the Open Skies Agreements after the ECJ judgements - Legal and Economic Aspects". GRIN Verlag. p. 12.
  22. ↑ "EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes". Airwise News. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
  23. ↑ Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ "Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups - CEO". Airwise News. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
  25. ↑ "Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet". Middle East Online. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  26. ↑ "TAAG Angola Airways boosts capacity, justifying Angola's investment in airport infrastructure". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 22 July 2013. The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year. Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (6 May 2016). "TAAG Angola Airlines' new 777-300ER to fly on Portugal route". Air Transport World. The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG. Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. 1 2 "Argentina: Aerolineas Argentinas faces a tough turnaround with government's new liberal mindset". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. At the same time, Argentina’s state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government.
  29. ↑ Schofield, Adrian (8 July 2014). "More maintenance jobs axed in Qantas cost-cutting effort". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Australian flag carrier Qantas is laying off another 167 staff from its engineering department, the latest step in the airline’s plan to cut 5,000 positions from its workforce within three years.
  30. ↑ "Accelerating Change in the 1990s". Qantas. 31 March 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (4 December 2015). "Austrian Airlines launches Vienna-Havana services". Air Transport World. The Austrian flag carrier recently expanded services into North America with the launch of Boeing 777 5X-weekly Vienna-Miami services on Oct. 16. Archived 6 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. 1 2 3 "Lufthansa Group Corporate Structure". Lufthansa AG. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  33. ↑ "AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen «". Diepresse.com. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  34. ↑ "Azerbaijan Airlines expands network as Azerbaijan aims to raise tourism profile". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. The flag carrier accounts for 46% of international capacity (seats) at Baku, according to Innovata data.
  35. ↑ Blachly, Linda (17 June 2015). "Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft". Air Transport World. Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s. Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Dron, Alan (18 January 2016). "Gulf Air plans 'major aircraft announcements' on Jan. 21". Air Transport World. Bahrain national carrier Gulf Air is planning “some major aircraft announcements” on Jan. 21, the opening day of the three-day Bahrain International Air Show (BIAS). Archived 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ "Biman Bangladesh nears completion of dramatic fleet renewal, but its outlook remains challenging". Centre for Aviation. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Biman is one of Asia’s smallest flag carriers, operating only 10 aircraft on a network of 22 destinations, including 19 international and three within Bangladesh.
  38. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 June 2014). "Belavia orders three Boeing 737-800s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
  39. ↑ "Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors". Centre for Aviation. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  40. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (27 December 2011). "Brussels Airlines to launch JFK service in June". Washington, D.C.: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has announced plans to resume service to North America from 1 June, with an Airbus A330-300 flying daily between Brussels and New York John F. Kennedy International airport.
  41. ↑ "Corporate History of Brussels Airlines". SN Airholding. Retrieved 9 Aug 2014.
  42. ↑ "Bhutan's Drukair Firms Order For One A319". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012. Airbus said Bhutan's national airline Drukair has firmed up an order for an Airbus A319 with sharklet fuel-saving wingtip devices.
  43. ↑ Clark, Oliver (24 April 2016). "ROUTES: Air Nostrum still keen on Latin American growth post-Sol". Krakow: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. BoA Regional, a new joint venture in Paraguay with Bolivia's national carrier Boliviana de Aviacion, is "going well" and the airline is busy "developing new routes and working on new traffic rights to Brazil", says Oliver.
  44. ↑ "Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks". Centre for Aviation. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
  45. 1 2 "Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia". Centre for Aviation. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013.
  46. ↑ "Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets, but cost reduction is also essential". 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at Sofia Airport and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
  47. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  48. ↑ "Cambodia poised for more double-digit growth as Cambodia Angkor Air expands and Qatar Airways enters". Centre for Aviation. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
  49. ↑ "Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help". Manila Bulletin. Reuters. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  50. ↑ "New Cameroon national carrier Camair-Co fails to reach first year targets, but continues to grow". Centre for Aviation. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012.
  51. ↑ Blachly, Linda (31 July 2015). "Aircraft News-July 31, 2015". Air Transport World. The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation. Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ "Air Canada Timeline". CBC News. 20 June 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.
  53. ↑ "Cabo Verde Airlines (Transportes Aereos de Cabo Verde, TACV), the Republic of Cape Verde's flag carrier has marked an in". 4 July 2006.
  54. ↑ "Cayman Airways - Our History". Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  55. ↑ "BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN". Air Transport World. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012. This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile’s flag carrier.
  56. ↑ "LATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg". Airways News. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  57. ↑ LAN Cargo. "History". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  58. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 January 2016). "Air China to take six more 777-300ERs". Flightglobal. Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ 2011 Annual Report of Air China (Chinese)
  60. ↑ Air China Transfers Ownership from State-owned to Shareholding. Beijing:Sino-Cast, 7 October 2004, reprinted in Highbeam Business. Retrieved on 1 July 2011. Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ "Avianca set to debut new Orlando flights in July". Flightglobal.com. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012. Colombia's flag carrier will compete directly with JetBlue Airways, which has operated the Orlando-Bogota pairing since 2009, and operates five weekly flights in the market.
  62. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (8 July 2014). "Adria Airways, Croatia Airlines delay privatization plans". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Slovenia-based Adria Airways and Croatia flag carrier Croatia Airlines have decided to freeze plans for privatization this summer.
  63. ↑ "Croatia Airlines: could its network attract a bidder?". Centre for Aviation. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
  64. ↑ "First direct Brazil flight to take off in July". Cuba Standard. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
  65. ↑ Dron, Alan (22 July 2016). "Czech Airlines predicts full-year profit". Air Transport World. The Czech flag carrier anticipates a full-year operating profit of CZK180 million. Archived 23 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ "Korean Air Completes Czech Airlines Investment". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
  67. 1 2 "Congo Airways to make international debut in mid-4Q". ch-aviation GmbH. 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Effective November 1, the state-owned national carrier of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) plans to operate a multiple-weekly service between Kinshasa N'Djili and Johannesburg O.R. Tambo, South Africa using A320-200 equipment.
  68. 1 2 "SAS aims to capture a larger share of the thriving Scandinavian leisure market". Centre for Aviation. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.
  69. ↑ Moores, Victoria (18 October 2016). "Sweden, Norway sell 7% of SAS Scandinavian Airlines". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. This reduces Sweden’s stake to 57 million shares, or around 17% of SAS, down from 21%.
  70. ↑ "Africa's Air Djibouti continues re-fleeting". Air Transport World. 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. African flag carrier Air Djibouti has taken delivery of its first Boeing 737 as it prepares to launch commercial operations.
  71. ↑ Cathy Buyck (31 October 2011). "Ecuador may partially privatize TAME". Air Transport World. Ecuador’s national flag carrier operates on a mostly domestic network and some international routes to Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Panama... (subscription required)
  72. ↑ Uphoff, Rainer (9 May 2013). "Ecuador's LAC announces launch of commercial flights". Madrid: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. LAC will compete with state-owned Tame, LAN Ecuador and Avianca subsidiary Aerogal.
  73. ↑ "EgyptAir plans further restructuring as losses mount. But outlook may brighten as Egypt stabilises". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014.
  74. ↑ "EgyptAir contracts Sabre to help implement transformation plan". Air Transport World. 19 December 2014. The state-owned carrier is initiating a major transformation strategy to increase revenues, develop new revenue streams by June 2016 and improve efficiencies. Archived 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. 1 2 Hofmann, Kurt (4 April 2016). "Nordica launches services from Tallinn to Vienna, Berlin". Air Transport World. Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  76. ↑ "Ethiopian Airlines aims to become the largest carrier in Africa by 2025". Centre for Aviation. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Protective policies do little to help Addis Ababa’s aspirations to become a large hub, so its future remains inextricably linked to the flag carrier’s growth plans.
  77. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (16 September 2015). "Fiji Airways introduces additional Hong Kong route". Air Transport World. Flag carrier Fiji Airways will increase flight frequencies on its Fiji (Nadi International)-Hong Kong International route from Oct. 25. Archived 17 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  78. ↑ "Fiji Airways' new MD Stefan Pichler sets his sights on the next five years for the rebranded airline". Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  79. ↑ "The national airline of the Faroe Islands". Atlantic Airways. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  80. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (21 October 2015). "Finnair to start Singapore A350 flights June 2016". Air Transport World. The Finnish flag carrier operates 5X-weekly services to Singapore, but will increase those to seven using a combination of A330 and A350 aircraft until the carrier takes delivery of more A350s. Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  81. ↑ "Finnair". Finnairgroup.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  82. ↑ Cathy Buyck (18 October 2011). "Air France KLM Group CEO resigns; Spinetta and Van Wijk return". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. The two men masterminded Europe’s first merger between two flag carriers in 2004.
  83. ↑ Meichtry, Stacy; Landauro, Inti (8 May 2015). "French Government Seeks Shareholder Power at Air France-KLM". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 August 2015. ...the government announced it had begun raising its stake in Air France-KLM to nearly 18% from 16%...
  84. ↑ "Air Tahiti Nui plans metal neutral alliance with Air France and partners as losses continue to mount". Centre for Aviation. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. But most of all the flag carrier will need to get its financial situation under control.
  85. ↑ "Air Tahiti Nui - Corporal Profile". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
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  97. 1 2 Thisdell, Dan (14 August 2015). "Plane paint: Top 10 Indian liveries". London: Flightglobal. With 102 aircraft in service, the state-owned flag carrier is still a big beast, but with just 11 on order it looks set to slip down the fleet size table. Archived 15 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
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  111. ↑ "Bombardier to sell eight Q400 NextGen aircraft to Palma Holding". Reuters. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Bombardier also said Ivory Coast's national airline, Air Cote d'Ivoire, has agreed to buy two Q400 NextGen aircraft.
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  113. 1 2 Blachly, Linda (27 September 2016). "Airline Routes-Sept. 27, 2016". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Spanish flag carrier Iberia and Japanese flag carrier Japan Airlines have announced the start of codeshare arrangements on routes operated by Iberia between Madrid and Tokyo Narita, as well as the sales of joint fares on applicable routes from Oct. 18.
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  115. ↑ "Air Astana plans modest expansion in 2016 with Iran, Mongolia routes; more London, China capacity". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 2 September 2015. The flag carrier has been increasing its reliance on lower yielding sixth freedom traffic as the devaluation of the Kazakh tenge has impacted outbound demand but cost reductions have enabled it to remain profitable. Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  116. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (11 April 2014). "Air Astana eyes Paris and Prague services after EU lifts safety ban". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Air Astana is a joint venture between Kazakhstan’s national wealth fund Samruk Kazyna and BAE Systems, with respective shares of 51% and 49%.
  117. ↑ Rivers, Martin (12 March 2013). "Kenya Airways adds flights to Livingstone, Zambia". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Livingstone will become the Kenyan flag carrier's second Zambian destination, alongside capital city Lusaka.
  118. ↑ "Government now largest shareholder of Kenya Airways". Sunday Nation. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
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  125. ↑ "Middle East Airlines Joins SkyTeam" (Press release). SkyTeam. 28 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012. The flag carrier of Lebanon, MEA becomes SkyTeam’s second Middle Eastern member, offering customers from the region access to an extensive global network.
  126. ↑ Rivers, Martin (20 December 2012). "PICTURE: Afriqiyah Airways unveils new livery". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012. Libyan flag carrier Afriqiyah Airways unveiled its new livery at an event in the Rixos Al Nasr Hotel, Tripoli on 19 December.
  127. ↑ "Libya's economy recovers as airlines restore networks post-revolution". Centre for Aviation. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. The country’s two state-owned airlines, Libyan Air and Afriqiyah Airlines, which both suffered extensive damage to aircraft, resumed operations late 2011 and are gradually reestablishing their pre-war networks as aircraft return to service.
  128. 1 2 "Libyan Airlines Takes Delivery of its First Airbus A330". The Tripoli Post. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Libya’s national carrier and state-owned Libyan Airlines has taken delivery of its first Airbus A330-200, a 259-seater plane that will be used on the carrier's longer-haul routes.
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  131. ↑ "Air Macau takes encouraging steps to support the Macau market as "resort" tourism balloons". Centre for Aviation. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  132. ↑ "More ATRs for Madagascar". Flightglobal. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
  133. 1 2 Mkandawire, Lucky (19 February 2014). "Passengers express pride as Malawian Airlines inaugurates J'burg flight". Nyasa Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  134. ↑ "Malaysia Airlines pursues rapid expansion but yields and profits are under pressure". Centre for Aviation. 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. The flag carrier hopes it can eventually improve yields across both cabins, leveraging the improvements in its product and new membership in oneworld.
  135. ↑ Paylor, Anne (28 June 2012). "EU clears €130 million worth of state aid for Air Malta". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. The European Commission has given the Maltese government the go-ahead to provide €130 million ($162.3 million) in state aid for restructuring national carrier Air Malta (KM).
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  137. ↑ Blachly, Linda (9 August 2016). "Mauritania Airlines finalizes Boeing 737-800 order". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. The Mauritanian flag carrier operates a fleet that includes one Boeing 737-700NG and two 737-500s.
  138. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (27 April 2016). "Mauritius bids for key Asia-Africa transit hub status". Air Transport World. In March 2016, the island’s flag carrier Air Mauritius said it would move its Southeast Asian hub from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Singapore’s Changi. Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  139. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (3 October 2014). "Mongolia's MIAT expands routes". Air Transport World. Archived 4 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  140. ↑ "MIAT Mongolian Airlines". Miat.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  141. ↑ "Flag carriers of the former Yugoslavia urged to unite". Centre for Aviation. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  142. ↑ "Royal Air Maroc fighting back LCC tide with new fleet, cost cuts and possible privatisation". Centre for Aviation. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. Regional unrest in North Africa and the onslaught of LCC competition has taken its toll on Morocco’s national carrier, Royal Air Maroc (RAM).
  143. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (19 April 2011). "Mozambique is latest state to face EU blacklist ban". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. All carriers from Mozambique, including flag-carrier LAM, are being placed on the European Union's blacklist of airlines, in addition to a pair of Boeing 767s operating for Air Madagascar.
  144. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (5 August 2015). "Myanmar Airlines continues fleet upgrade". Air Transport World. Myanmar flag carrier Myanmar National Airlines has taken delivery of the first of six ATR 72-600s as part of a $296 million order for the regional turboprop aircraft. Archived 7 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  145. ↑ Blachly, Linda (16 July 2014). "Myanmar Airways inks deal for up to 12 ATR 72-600s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014.
  146. ↑ Ihuhua, Corry (24 February 2012). "Air Namibia aims to soar higher". Windhoek: Namibian Sun. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Air Namibia intends to further spread its wings by acquiring more modern planes and expanding its routes, in view of restoring its credibility as the country’s flagship air carrier.
  147. ↑ "Corporate Profile". Archived from the original on 24 August 2013.
  148. 1 2 "Nauru Airlines begins new chapter with new brand & rapid growth despite world's smallest home market". CAPA Centre for Aviation. Archived 10 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  149. ↑ "Profile on Nepal". Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  150. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (13 May 2016). "KLM expands long-haul network". Air Transport World. The Dutch flag carrier also added a twice-weekly Amsterdam-Salt Lake City service on May 5, becoming 3X-weekly from July 4. Archived 14 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
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  152. ↑ "Air New Zealand H1 Profit Down On Fuel Costs". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. National carrier Air New Zealand reported a 61 percent fall in first half profits as fuel prices pushed higher...
  153. ↑ Paylor, Anne (25 November 2013). "New Zealand government cuts stake in Air New Zealand to 53%". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.
  154. ↑ Morrison, Murdo (28 November 2014). "SOLDIERING ON: 10 veteran airliner types still in service". Flightglobal. London. Flight International. If sightings of the Ilyushin Il-18, a Cold War era Russian large turboprop that first flew in 1957 and had its heyday in the 1960s, are fairly scarce these days – with 11 examples in service – ticking off the one example flown by Air Koryo must rank high on any planespotter’s wishlist. North Korean travel agencies offer trips to enthusiasts to fly on aircraft belonging to the flag-carrier, described by one unkind journalist as the “world’s only one-star airline”. Archived 30 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  155. ↑ "Air Koryo". Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  156. ↑ Dron, Alan (16 November 2015). "Oman Air invests in crew, cabins". Air Transport World. The national carrier will invest RO3 million ($7.8 million) in developing what will be known as the Oman Air Flight Training Center (OAFTC). Archived 22 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  157. ↑ "Oman Air reports record passengers, but also record losses". Centre for Aviation. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. Since the Oman Government took majority ownership in early 2007, the airline has lost a staggering OMR295 million (USD766.9 million).
  158. ↑ "CEO: Pakistan International Airlines wet-leases three SriLankan A330s". Air Transport World. 29 July 2016. According to the Pakistan flag carrier, the A330s will be used primarily for a 6X-weekly premier service to London Heathrow, which is being launched Aug. 14. Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  159. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (7 August 2015). "Pakistan International Airlines privatization plans delayed to 2016". Air Transport World. Archived 7 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  160. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (19 October 2015). "Air Niugini to take seven former KLM Fokker 70s". Air Transport World. Papua New Guinea flag carrier Air Niugini is to add seven former KLM Fokker 70 aircraft to its fleet, building on one existing former KLM Fokker 70 that it took in October 2014. Archived 25 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  161. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (11 August 2015). "Philippine Airlines to open new LAX service". Air Transport World. Filipino flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL) plans to launch Cebu-Los Angeles (LAX) service from March 2016. Archived 15 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  162. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (18 August 2015). "LOT CEO Sebastian Mikosz resigns as privatization stalls". Air Transport World. LOT Polish Airlines CEO Sebastian Mikosz has resigned after the Polish government again delayed the flag carrier’s privatization process. Archived 20 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  163. ↑ "Polish Government adopts regulation enabling privatisation of LOT Polish Airlines". Centre for Aviation. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013.
  164. ↑ "TAP Portugal Part 1: the national carrier needs privatisation to tap fresh capital". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 10 October 2014. Archived 10 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  165. ↑ http://observador.pt/2016/02/11/sete-meses-houve-tres-alteracoes-privatizacao-da-tap-falta-explicar/ in Portuguese
  166. ↑ "International treaties not being implemented – Cabinet". New Era Newspaper Namibia. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2016. Equatorial Congo Airlines SA, operating as ECAir, is headquartered in Brazzaville and currently operates as the flag carrier of Congo.
  167. ↑ "Vanilla Islands carriers Air Seychelles and Air Austral make capacity cuts". Centre for Aviation. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ...La Reunion’s national carrier, Air Austral, is planning to take a similar approach to some destinations in its long-haul network.
  168. ↑ Moores, Victoria (19 August 2016). "Romania's Tarom seeks 160- to 190-seat aircraft". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Romanian flag carrier Tarom has issued a call for two 160- to 190-seat aircraft, which it will initially wet lease, before taking dry-leased aircraft.
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  170. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (15 January 2015). "Aeroflot commits to another 20 Superjets". Flightglobal. London. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Russian flag-carrier Aeroflot has agreed to take another 20 Sukhoi Superjet 100s, under a tentative agreement with the airframer.
  171. ↑ "Aeroflot profits up on regional airlines turnaround". Reuters. Moscow. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014.
  172. 1 2 Hofmann, Kurt (7 March 2016). "Ethiopian Airlines, RwandAir eye strategic partnership". Air Transport World. Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  173. ↑ "Virgin Samoa Is Now The New National Airline Of Samoa". 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013.
  174. ↑ "Virgin Blue picks up Samoa flights". CNN. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  175. ↑ Dron, Alan (7 November 2015). "Saudia increases domestic capacity as competition looms". Air Transport World. Saudi Arabian flag carrier Saudia has wet-leased two Airbus A319s from Czech Airlines to increase capacity on its domestic routes as it gears up to face competitive pressures from new rivals in the Kingdom. Archived 15 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  176. ↑ Dron, Alan (5 May 2016). "Air Serbia's 2015 net profit up 44%". Air Transport World. The Serbia flag carrier said the full-year results were achieved on the back of “significant growth” in passenger numbers, which increased 11% to 2.55 million year-over-year (YOY). Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  177. ↑ Dron, Alan (3 March 2015). "Air Serbia records first full-year profit in 2014". Air Transport World. The government of Serbia retains a 51% majority stake. Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  178. ↑ "Air Seychelles looks to ride Chinese boom & grow in tandem with part-owner Etihad – Australia next?". Centre for Aviation. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
  179. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (9 June 2016). "Solomon Airlines to resume services following grounding". Air Transport World. Pacific island flag carrier Solomon Airlines will resume services following a grounding of its fleet over a payment dispute with its main funding partner, the Solomon Islands government. Archived 12 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  180. ↑ "Corporate Profile". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.
  181. ↑ "Singapore Airlines in $20 million government-led tourism push". Air Transport World. 2 July 2015. Singapore flag carrier Singapore Airlines (SIA) plans to participate in a $20 million government-led initiative to promote inbound travel to Singapore. Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  182. ↑ "UPDATE 2-Singapore Air Q1 net profit beats f'cast". Reuters. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  183. 1 2 Hofmann, Kurt (2 August 2016). "4K Invest completes takeover of Adria Airways". Air Transport World. Archived 2 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  184. ↑ "South African Airways needs more than a government bailout to pull it out of the financial mire". Centre for Aviation. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. The flag carrier is deeply mired in debt, bereft of a positive outlook.
  185. ↑ "SAA Agrees 'Under Protest' To EU CO2 Rules". Airwise News. Reuters. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. State-owned South African Airways (SAA) will increase prices on all European flights to offset the costs of the EU's Emission Trading Scheme, it said on Monday.
  186. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (31 October 2014). "Korean Air extends LAN Peru codeshares". Air Transport World. Korean flag carrier Korean Air has extended its codeshare agreement with LAN Peru. Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  187. ↑ "Member Airline Korean Air". SkyTeam. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  188. ↑ "Participaciones significativas - Iberia". Grupo.iberia.es. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  189. ↑ "SriLankan Airlines looks to cancel A350 orders". Air Transport World. 28 April 2016. The Sri Lanka flag carrier ordered six Airbus A330s and four A350-900 aircraft in 2013 in a $2.3 billion deal, and has taken delivery of the A330s. Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
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  191. ↑ "Sudan Dreams Big With New Airports". Airwise News. Reuters. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012. State-owned carrier Sudan Airways, known for its delays, has lost out to new carriers offering better service.
  192. ↑ Pilling, Mark (24 December 2008). "Putting Surinam on the map". Flightglobal.com. Airline Business. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. The country’s flag carrier is Surinam Airways, a small airline with ambitions to carve out a profitable niche connecting this former Dutch colony with the world.
  193. ↑ Kuipers, Ank (20 July 2012). "Suriname state oil company considers share offering". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Suriname is also considering selling shares in telecommunications firm Telesur and Surinam Airways, which are state owned, and bank Hakrinbank, which is partly owned by the government.
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  195. ↑ "Syrian Arab Airlines". Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  196. ↑ Blachly, Linda (6 October 2014). "Taiwan's China Airlines takes delivery of first Boeing 777-300ER". Air Transport World. Taiwanese flag carrier China Airlines has taken delivery of its first of 10 Boeing 777-300ERs. Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
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  198. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (24 October 2014). "Struggling Thai airlines make changes; Thai Airways to cut Johannesburg flights". Air Transport World. Siwakiat has also committed to cutting more than 6,000 jobs at the flag carrier over the next four years. Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  199. ↑ "Status quo for Caribbean Airlines – chaos surrounds the would-be flag carrier of the region". Centre for Aviation. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. The board of beleaguered carrier Caribbean Airlines, the national airline of Trinidad and Tobago, has reportedly undertaken an evaluation of the airline’s routes as its long-haul operation to London continues to underperform.
  200. ↑ "Caribbean Airlines: News/PR". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  201. 1 2 "Tunisair's sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies". Centre for Aviation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the 1944 Chicago Convention, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
  202. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (12 May 2015). "Turkish Airlines swings to net profit in 1Q". Air Transport World. The Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45 domestic and 226 international destinations in 109 countries and operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62 widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10 cargo aircraft. Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  203. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 March 2014). "Turkmenistan Airlines receives first Boeing 777-200LR". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. The flag carrier of Turkmenistan operates scheduled flights on 15 routes in 11 European and Asian countries including Frankfurt, London, Moscow, Beijing and Istanbul.
  204. ↑ "Ukraine International to double international network as Aerosvit restructures". Centre for Aviation. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase.
  205. ↑ Dron, Alan (17 June 2016). "Etihad, Avianca Brasil ink new codeshare". Air Transport World. United Arab Emirates (UAE) flag carrier Etihad Airways has signed a codeshare agreement with Avianca Brasil in the Abu Dhabi-based carrier’s latest move to increase its penetration in the South American market. Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  206. ↑ "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
  207. ↑ "Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus". Airwise News. Reuters. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to Damascus remain operational.
  208. ↑ Alan Dron (13 April 2012). "BA to cut 1,200 jobs in bmi takeover". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The UK flag carrier said it is also working to find potential employment opportunities for bmi personnel facing redundancy with its industry partners, such as Rolls-Royce in the Midlands.
  209. ↑ "Profile: British Airways". BBC News. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
  210. ↑ Montag-Girmes, Polina (31 August 2016). "Uzbekistan Airways takes first Boeing 787". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. The flag carrier of the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained 18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for the new aircraft type.
  211. 1 2 "Vietnam Airlines pre-IPO outlook: rapid growth as 787s & A350s arrive, but competition intensifies". Centre for Aviation. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. The government-owned flag carrier has been focusing in recent years on short-haul and medium-haul expansion using its A321 fleet.
  212. ↑ "All About Air Vanuatu". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  213. ↑ Dron, Alan (30 March 2015). "Yemenia suspends services". Air Transport World. The Yemen national carrier said it was suspending flight operations “until further notice due to the prevalent unfavorable operational situation and restriction imposed on Yemen airspace.” Archived 31 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  214. 1 2 "flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up". Centre for Aviation. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Government-owned flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently operates only two international routes although it has been trying for some time to resume more international services.
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