Fiscal conservatism

Fiscal conservatism is a political-economic philosophy regarding fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility advocating low taxes, reduced government spending and minimal government debt.[1] Free trade, deregulation of the economy, lower taxes, and privatization are defining qualities of fiscal conservatism. Fiscal conservatism follows the same philosophical outlook of classical liberalism and economic liberalism regarding fiscal matters.[2]

Principles

Fiscal conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt.[3] Fiscal conservatives advocate the avoidance of deficit spending, the reduction of overall government spending and national debt, and ensuring balanced budgets. In other words, fiscal conservatives are against the government expanding beyond its means through debt.

Edmund Burke, in his Reflections on the Revolution in France, argued that a government does not have the right to run up large debts and then throw the burden on the taxpayer:

[I]t is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied ... [T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.

United States

Late 18th century

The Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson supported a weak central government and a more laissez-faire approach than that of the Federalist Party of Jefferson's rival Alexander Hamilton. They opposed Hamilton's plan to pay off the debts owed by the states for the expense of the American Revolution, because some of the debt was held by financiers and speculators (rather than the original holders) and because most of the debt was held by northern states. Hamilton passed his legislation and set up taxes to pay the debts. In exchange, he agreed to let Jefferson move the nation's capital to Washington, D.C.

Early 19th century

Jefferson strongly opposed having any national debt, but he relented in 1803 for the sake of the Louisiana Purchase. James Madison and James Monroe were elected by the Democratic-Republican Party, but after the fiscal disasters of the War of 1812, they came to support most Federalist positions and decided that the nation needed a central bank and a steady income flow from tariffs.

Early to mid 20th century

In the early 20th century fiscal conservatives were often at odds with progressives who desired economic reform. During the 1920s, President Calvin Coolidge's pro-business economic policies were credited for the successful period of economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties." His actions, however, may have been due more to a sense of federalism than fiscal conservatism: Robert Sobel notes, "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards."[4]

The conservative economic and fiscal policies of Herbert Hoover are often popularly contrasted with the New Deal deficit spending of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Republican Party opposition to Roosevelt's government spending was a unifying cause for a significant caucus of Republicans through even the presidencies of Truman and Eisenhower. Barry Goldwater was a famous champion of both the socially and fiscally conservative Republicans.

Reagan era

Main article: Reaganomics

Fiscal conservatism was rhetorically promoted during the presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). During Reagan's tenure, income tax rates of the top personal tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% in 7 years,[5] while payroll taxes increased as well as the effective tax rates on the lower two income quintiles.[6][7] Real Gross domestic product (GDP) growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession and grew during Reagan's remaining years in office at an annual rate of 3.4% per year.[8] Unemployment peaked at over 10.7% percent in 1982 then dropped during the rest of Reagan's terms, and inflation significantly decreased.[9] Federal tax receipts nearly doubled from $517 billion in 1980 to $1,032 billion in 1990. A net job increase of about 16 million also occurred (about the rate of population growth).

According to a United States Department of the Treasury non-partisan economic study, the major tax bills enacted under Reagan, as a whole, significantly reduced (~-1% of GDP) government tax receipts.[10] The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 was a massive (~-3% of GDP) decrease in revenues (the largest tax cuts ever enacted).[11] By the end of Reagan's second term the national debt held by the public ballooned from 26 percent of the GDP in 1980 to 41 percent in 1989. By 1988, the debt totaled $2.6 trillion, in part because of both increased military spending at the end of the Cold War and according to some, the tax cuts. The country owed more to foreigners than it was owed, and the United States moved from being the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.[12]

Ross Perot

In the 1992 Presidential election, Ross Perot, a successful American businessman, ran as a third-party candidate. Despite significant campaign stumbles, and the uphill struggles involved in mounting a third-party candidacy, Perot received 18.9% of the popular vote (the largest percentage of any third-party candidate in modern history), largely on the basis of his central platform plank of limited-government, balanced-budget fiscal conservatism.

Clinton era

Main article: Clintonomics

While the mantle of fiscal conservatism is most commonly claimed by Republicans and libertarians, it is also claimed in some ways by many centrist or moderate Democrats who often refer to themselves as "New Democrats". Though not supportive of the wide range tax cut policies that were often enacted during the Reagan and Bush administrations,[13][14] the New Democrat coalition's primary economic agenda differed from the traditional tax and spend philosophy held among liberal Democrats and sided with the fiscal conservative belief that certain things needed to be cut in order to balance the federal budget.[14] Former President Bill Clinton, who was a New Democrat and part of the somewhat fiscally conservative Third Way advocating Democratic Leadership Council, is a prime example of this as his administration along with the Democratic-majority congress of 1993 passed on a party-line vote the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 which cut government spending, created a 36% individual income tax bracket, raised the top tax bracket, which encompassed the top 1.2% earning taxpayers, from 31% to 39.6%, and created a 35% income tax rate for corporations.[15] The 1993 Budget Act also cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families and 90% of small businesses. Additionally, during the Clinton years, the PAYGO (pay-as-you-go) system originally introduced with the passing of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (which required that all increases in direct spending or revenue decreases be offset by other spending decreases or revenue increases and was very popular with deficit hawks) had gone into effect, and was used regularly until the system's expiration in 2002.

In the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans ran on a platform that included fiscal responsibility drafted by then-Congressman Newt Gingrich called the Contract with America, which advocated such things as balancing the budget, providing the president with a line-item veto, and welfare reform. After the elections gave the Republicans a majority in the House of Representatives, newly minted Speaker of the House Gingrich pushed aggressively for reduced government spending, which created a confrontation with the White House that climaxed in the 1995–1996 government shutdown. After Clinton's re-election in 1996, they were able to cooperate and pass the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, which lowered the top capital gains tax rate from 28% to 20% and the 15% rate to 10%.

After this combination of tax hikes and spending reductions, the United States was able to create the largest federal budget surplus ($236 billion in fiscal year 2000) as well as the longest period of sustained economic growth in United States history.[16][17][18]

Modern fiscal conservatism in the United States

Modern fiscal conservatives remain wary of government spending. They believe strongly in free trade and are committed to lowering the federal budget, paying off national debt, and acquiring a balanced budget.[19] Where fiscal conservatism gets more diverse in ideals is what steps should be taken to balance the budget. Deficit hawks are more willing to increase taxes in addition to cutting spending to balance the budget than libertarians, who want to "starve the beast" by cutting taxes for the purpose of decreasing tax revenue which they hope will cause the government to spend less, and supply-siders, who believe the best way to gain tax revenue is through deep across-the-board tax cuts that they believe will end up completely paying for themselves through the economic growth they cause.[20][21]

American businessman, politician, and former Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg, considers himself a fiscal conservative and expressed his definition of the term at the 2007 United Kingdom Conservative Party Conference.

“

To me, fiscal conservatism means balancing budgets – not running deficits that the next generation can't afford. It means improving the efficiency of delivering services by finding innovative ways to do more with less. It means cutting taxes when possible and prudent to do so, raising them overall only when necessary to balance the budget, and only in combination with spending cuts. It means when you run a surplus, you save it; you don't squander it. And most importantly, being a fiscal conservative means preparing for the inevitable economic downturns – and by all indications, we've got one coming. —Michael Bloomberg[22]

 ”

Fiscal conservative parties

United Kingdom

Fiscal conservatism in the UK was arguably most popular during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, who, after a number of years of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, advocated spending cuts and selective tax increases to balance the budget. However, although Thatcher was elected in 1979, Britain's budget was not balanced until 1988.[23]

In 2010, as a result of the deterioration in the UK's public finances—according to fiscal conservatives caused by another spate of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, the late-2000s recession and by the European sovereign debt crisis—the Liberal Democrat-Conservative Coalition embarked on an austerity programme, featuring a combination of spending cuts and tax rises, in an attempt to halve the deficit and completely eliminate the structural deficit over the five-year parliament.[24]

See also

US-specific

Notes

  1. ↑ Coates 2012, p. 392.
  2. ↑ Johnston 2011, p. 210.
  3. ↑ Freeman, Robert M. (1999). Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior, and Structure. Elsevier. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7506-9897-9.
  4. ↑ Robert Sobel (1988). "Coolidge and American Business". Calvin-Coolidge.org. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Daniel J. Mitchell, Ph.D. (July 19, 1996). "The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  6. ↑ "Social Security and Medicare Tax Rates". Social Security Administration. July 10, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979–2001". Bureau of Economic Analysis. July 10, 2007.
  8. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. May 31, 2007.
  9. ↑ Ronald Reagan. Microsoft Corporation. 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  10. ↑ Office of Tax Analysis. "Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills" (PDF). 2003, rev. Sept 2006. United States Department of the Treasury. Working Paper 81, Table 2. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  11. ↑ Thorndike, Joseph J (14 June 2004). "Historical Perspective: The Reagan Legacy". Taxhistory.org. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  12. ↑ "Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink". The Washington Post. June 9, 2004. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  13. ↑ Stephen Chapman (July 22, 1993). "Clinton Won't Restore Punitive Taxation-not Today". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  14. 1 2 Timothy Nolan (October 17, 2012). "A Brief History Of "Trickle-Down Government"". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ Steve Schifferes (January 15, 2001). "Bill Clinton's economic legacy". London: BBC News.
  16. ↑ Kelly Wallace (September 27, 2000). "President Clinton announces another record budget surplus". CNN.
  17. ↑ John King (May 1, 2000). "Clinton announces record payment on national debt". CNN.
  18. ↑ http://www.factcheck.org/2008/02/the-budget-and-deficit-under-clinton
  19. ↑ Justin Quinn. "Are You A Fiscal Conservative?". About.com.
  20. ↑ Jeff Lemieux (February 15, 2004). "What Is A Fiscal Conservative Anyway?". CentristPolicyNetwork.Org.
  21. ↑ Robert Kuttner (December 27, 2004). "What Killed Off The GOP Deficit Hawks?". BusinessWeek.
  22. ↑ "Mayor Bloomberg Delivers Remarks At 2007 Conservative Party Conference". NYC.gov. September 30, 2007.
  23. ↑ Kollewe, Julia; Rogers, Simon (21 February 2012). "Deficit, national debt and government borrowing – how has it changed since 1946?". London: Guardian data blog. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  24. ↑ http://www.fundstrategy.co.uk/markets/britain/budget-structural-deficit-to-be-balanced-by-2015/1013834.article

References

Further reading

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