Fibrin

Micrograph showing fibrin (dark pink amorphous material) in a blocked vein surrounded by extravasated red blood cells (right of image). An artery (left of image) and the amnion (far left of image) is also seen. Placenta in a case of fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. H&E stain.

Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen which causes it to polymerize. The polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site.

When the lining of a blood vessel is broken, platelets are attracted forming a platelet plug. These platelets have thrombin receptors on their surfaces that bind serum thrombin molecules^[1] which in turn convert soluble fibrinogen in the serum into fibrin at the wound site. Fibrin forms long strands of tough insoluble protein that are bound to the platelets. Factor XIII completes the cross-linking of fibrin so that it hardens and contracts. The cross-linked fibrin forms a mesh atop the platelet plug that completes the clot.

Role in disease

From Fibrinogen to Fibrin with the help of Thrombin and Factor VIII.

Excessive generation of fibrin due to activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombosis, the blockage of a vessel by an agglutination of red blood cells, platelets, polymerized fibrin and other components. Ineffective generation or premature lysis of fibrin increases the likelihood of a hemorrhage.

Dysfunction or disease of the liver can lead to a decrease in the production of fibrin's inactive precursor, fibrinogen, or to the production of abnormal fibrinogen molecules with reduced activity (dysfibrinogenaemia). Hereditary abnormalities of fibrinogen (the gene is carried on chromosome 4) are both quantitative and qualitative in nature and include afibrinogenaemia, hypofibrinogenaemia, dysfibrinogenaemia, and hypodysfibrinogenaemia.

Reduced, absent, or dysfunctional fibrin is likely to render patients as hemophiliacs.

People with fibromyalgia usually have more fibrin than people living without fibromyalgia. People with fibromyalgia don't have enough enzymatic capacity to break down fibrin or food. They have a fibrin buildup [ it accumulates as scar tissue] which leads to a physical restriction of blood flow. Fibrin catches red blood cells in webs, and trapped blood cells aren't able to oxygenate muscles. The body compensates restricted blood flow by increasing blood pressure, which further exacerbates the symptoms of fibromyalgia. ^[2]

Physiology

Cross-linking by thrombin and stabilization by activated factor XIII

Fibrin from different animal sources is generally glycosylated with complex type biantennary asparagine linked glycans. Variety is found in the degree of core fucosylation and in the type of sialic acid and galactose linkage.^[3]

Structure

Crystal structure of the double-d fragment from human fibrin

The image at the left is a crystal structure of the double-d fragment from human fibrin with two bound ligands. The experimental method used to obtain the image was X-ray diffraction, and it has a resolution of 2.30 Å. The structure is mainly made up of single alpha helices shown in red and beta sheets shown in yellow. The two blue structures are the bound ligands. The chemical structures of the ligands are Ca⁺² ion, alpha-D-mannose (C₆H₁₂O₆), and D-glucosamine (C₆H₁₃NO₅).

See also

• D-dimer
• Fibrin glue
• Fibrin scaffold

References

External links

• TGW1916.net, Defibrinated blood harvested from sheep (video)
• Fibrin: Molecule of the Month, by David Goodsell, RCSB Protein Data Bank