Feinberg School of Medicine

The Feinberg School of Medicine, located in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois and situated near Lake Michigan and the Magnificent Mile, is one of Northwestern University's 12 schools and colleges. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, multiple joint degree programs, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education.

The mission of the Feinberg School of Medicine is to educate the next generation of physicians and scientists. It is a research-intensive institution, ranked 17th among American medical schools for research by U.S. News & World Report in 2016.^[5] It also is committed to patient care and community service.^[6] Through its clinical affiliates on the Streeterville campus, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Feinberg faculty provide patient care to tens of thousands of individuals every year. Feinberg and its clinical partners are together a $5 billion academic medical enterprise^[7][8] The school employs 3,400 faculty members.^[9]

History

Originally founded as the medical department of Lind University on October 11, 1859^[10] and renamed the Chicago Medical College in 1863, the school affiliated with Northwestern University in 1870. In 1906, the name was changed to Northwestern University Medical School.^[11] It had occupied buildings on the near south side of Chicago from 1863^[12] until the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building was constructed in Streeterville in 1926.^[13]

Northwestern University Medical School was renamed the Feinberg School of Medicine in 2002, reflecting a $75 million donation from the Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation. Reuben Feinberg started to donate to the university after being hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital for a heart attack. The first donation, in 1988, was for $17 million to establish the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute. A $10 million donation was subsequently sent in 1996 to establish the Frances Evelyn Feinberg Clinical Neurosciences Institute.

The Montgomery Ward Memorial building at the Feinberg School of Medicine

Northwestern was also affiliated with a medical school for women. The Woman's Hospital Medical College was established in 1870, and later changed its name to the Woman's Medical College of Chicago. It became affiliated with Northwestern University in 1892 as Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.^[14] ] The Women’s Medical College closed in 1902.^[15]

On September 1, 2013, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, the medical school's physician's group, joined Northwestern Memorial HealthCare (NMHC), the health system that includes Northwestern Memorial Hospital, forming a new physician's group called Northwestern Medical Group. Together, NMHC and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine operate jointly under the brand "Northwestern Medicine." ^[16][17]

On May 8, 2015, exactly 90 years after Northwestern University first broke ground on the Chicago campus, Feinberg broke ground on the Louis A. Simpson and Kimberly K. Query Biomedical Research Center. When its first phase is complete, the building will add 600,000 square feet and 14 stories of research space to the downtown campus.^[18]

Academic Medical Center

The Feinberg School of Medicine is part of the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, one of the nation's leading academic medical centers focused on research, education and clinical services. Other McGaw members include:

• Anne & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
• Northwestern Memorial Hospital
• Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago
• Jesse Brown VA Medical Center (formerly VA Chicago Health Care System)

Feinberg medical students and McGaw residents receive their clinical training at these hospitals, where nearly all the attending staff members have faculty appointments at the Feinberg School of Medicine. Residents may also train at affiliates such as John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Northwestern Medicine Lake Forest Hospital, Norwegian American Hospital, the Erie Family Health Center, MacNeal Hospital and Methodist Hospital in Gary, Indiana.

The medical school's primary teaching hospital is Northwestern Memorial Hospital, a 2,200,000-square-foot (200,000 m²) modern hospital that was completed in 1999. In the 2016-2017 US News and World Report list of "Honor Roll" Hospitals, listing the top 20 medical centers in the United States, Northwestern Memorial Hospital was ranked 8th, and first in Illinois.^[19]

Education

The Feinberg School of Medicine is home to 638 medical students. The class of students who graduated in 2016 are the 157th graduating class. For the 2016 entering class, 7,608 people applied for 163 seats. The median undergraduate GPA and MCAT score for successful applicants are 3.87 and 518 (36 for the old median), respectively.^[20]

In fall 2012, Feinberg's entering medical students began a new curriculum, organized into three phases and emphasizing integration of four main curricular elements: science in medicine, clinical medicine, health & society, and professional development. The goal of the renewal process is to build a more learner-centered educational program that (1) fully integrates scientific principles in a clinical context; (2) stimulates inquiry and investigation; (3) has an assessment system that comprehensively evaluates student achievement in each of the core competencies; (4) reinforces a culture of learning, teamwork, and excellence; (5) is flexible and able to meet the unique needs of individual students as they learn and differentiate.^[21]

For medical students, the school offers four-year dual degree programs, which combine the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree with a Master of Public Health (MPH), a Master of Arts in Medical Humanities and Bioethics (MA), a Master of Science in Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety (MS), or a Master of Business Administration (MBA). Students electing to pursue the additional degrees enroll in evening classes and graduate with both degrees. Two MD/PhD programs are offered, one in combination with Northwestern University's Graduate School (Medical Scientist Training Program) and one with the University's Institute for Neuroscience.

The school also offers graduate degree programs, some in combination with other Northwestern University professional schools:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in basic science programs such as Biological Sciences and Clinical Psychology, and public health programs such as Health and Biomedical Informatics, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Epidemiology, and Translational Outcomes Science
• Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
• Master of Medical Science (MMSc) in Physician Assistant Studies
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Science (MS) in programs such as Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Clinical Investigation, Genetic Counseling, Regulatory Compliance, or Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety
• Master of Medical Informatics (MMI)
• Master of Prosthetics and Orthotics (MPO)

Additionally, the school offers a BS/MD degree through the Honors Program in Medical Education (HPME), a seven-year combined undergraduate and medical school program.

Research

According to public financial data for Feinberg, support for competitive research grants from all external sources totaled $443.1 million in academic year 2015-2016.^[22] In 2016, Feinberg ranked 16th for NIH funding among American medical schools.^[23] The medical school houses more than 30 Core Facilities, including a Bioinformatics Consulting Core, Genomics Core and Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Core.^[24]

Faculty in the Research program at Feinberg study and mentor in a range of areas, including cancer biology, cell biology, chemical biology, drug discovery, developmental biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, medical biology, immunology, microbial pathogenesis, neurobiology, pharmacology, structural biology, biochemistry, epidemiology, behavioral sciences, preventive medicine, epidemiology, health outcomes, quality improvement, and translational sciences.

Recent Growth

In 2013, Northwestern announced an additional $1 billion investment in creating a leading medical research enterprise. This includes the construction of a new state-of-the-art research building on the site of the former Prentice Women’s Hospital, 320 E. Huron St. The new building will be connected to the existing Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center. Northwestern’s plans include 300,000 to 500,000 square feet of research space with eventual build-out of approximately 1.2 million square feet. Additionally, more than 250,000 square feet of space in existing campus buildings will be converted to new laboratory space.^[25]

Nobel Laureates

• John Eccles, an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher, received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin for their fundamental work on the synapse. Eccles was a professor at Feinberg from 1966 to 1968.
• Robert Furchgott, a graduate of the class of 1940, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 for his discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signaling molecule.^[26]
• Ferid Murad, an American pharmacologist and cell biologist, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998, along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, for demonstrating that nitroglycerin and related drugs worked by releasing nitric oxide into the body, which relaxed smooth muscle by elevating intracellular cyclic GMP. Murray was a professor at Feinberg from 1988 to 1998.

Rankings

In 2016, Feinberg was ranked 17th among American medical research and primary care schools by U.S. News & World Report.^[27] The school is ranked 18th in the National Institutes of Health funding rankings among all American Medical Schools.^[28]

The school's major affiliated teaching hospitals rank in US News and World Report's Best Hospitals 2016-2017 as follows:^[29]

• Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, ranked 1st in the nation for physical medicine and rehabilitation hospitals
• Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, ranked 6th in the nation for children's hospitals
• Northwestern Memorial Hospital, ranked 8th in the nation of America's Best Hospitals

Notable alumni

• Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago and first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital. Founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital^[30]
• Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for who the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, is named^[31]
• Franklin H. Martin, Class of 1880, founder of the American College of Surgeons and founding editor of Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics^[32]
• John Addison Fordyce, Class of 1881, American dermatologist whose name is associated with Fordyce's spot, Angiokeratoma of Fordyce, Brooke–Fordyce trichoepithelioma, Fordyce's disease, Fordyce's lesion, and Fox–Fordyce disease
• Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful pericardial heart surgery in America; only African-American charter member of the American College of Surgeons
• Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, founder of Mayo Clinic
• Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians
• Joseph Bolivar DeLee, Class of 1891, among the first American physicians to specialize in obstetrics and gynecology, author of major textbook, Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, for seven editions
• Isaac Arthur Abt, Class of 1891, among the first American physicians to specialize in pediatrics, author of the major pediatric textbook of the first decades of the 20th century^[33]
• George E. Hoyt, Class of 1892, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate
• Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever^[34]
• Henry Stanley Plummer, Class of 1898, internist, endocrinologist and one of the founding partners of the Mayo Clinic. Considered to be the architect of the modern medical practice. The Plummer Building on the Mayo Clinic campus was named after him, as were Plummer-Vinson Syndrome and Plummer’s nails.
• Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery^[35]
• Julius Hess, Class of 1899, a pediatrician considered the father of American neonatology. In 1922, he published the first textbook on prematurity and birth defects, and started the first premature infant station in the United States.
• Loyal E. Davis, Class of 1918, preeminent American neurosurgeon, Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Northwestern University Medical School, President of the American College of Surgeons, and adoptive father of former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan^[36]
• Theodore K. Lawless, Class of 1919, African-American dermatologist and philanthropist; advanced the treatment of leprosy and syphilis
• Alfred Bitini Xuma, Class of 1926, surgeon in Johannesburg and later president (1940–49) of the African National Congress, preceding Nelson Mandela. The first black South African to graduate from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (1932)^[37]
• J. Roscoe Miller, Class of 1930, president, Northwestern University 1949-1969; dean, Northwestern University Medical School, 1941-1949
• William S. Kroger, Class of 1931, pioneer in the use of hypnosis in medicine and co-founder and founder of medical societies and academies dedicated to furthering psychosomatic medicine and medical hypnosis.
• Roger W. Robinson, Class of 1935, a cardiologist who recognized the role of cholesterol and diet in atherosclerotic heart disease and later demonstrated that heparin prevents arterial clots.
• John Patrick Spiegel, Class of 1939, American psychiatrist, and expert on violence and combat stress and the 103rd president of the American Psychiatric Association.
• Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of EDRF
• Cheddi Jagan, Class of 1946: President of Guyana from 1992–1997
• Ralph S. Paffenbarger, Class of 1947, epidemiologist, leader of the College Alumni Health Study in the 1960s, which established the health benefits of exercise, considered the father of the modern fitness movement
• Quentin D. Young, Class of 1947, leader in public health policy and medical and social justice issues; founded Physicians for a National Health Program and co-founded the Medical Committee for Human Rights,
• Kermit E. Krantz, Class of 1948, Distinguished University Professor of Medicine, University of Kansas. Developed the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz (MMK) and invented the expandable tampon. Namesake of the Arey/Krantz Museum of Anatomy at the Feinberg School of Medicine.
• John A. D. Cooper, Class of 1951, first president of the Association of American Medical Colleges
• Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004
• Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA
• Alan R. Nelson, Class of 1958, president of the American Medical Association (1989–90) and the World Medical Association (1991–92)
• Robert Michels, Class of 1958, a psychiatrist who became chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Weill-Cornell Medical College in 1974, served as Chairman of the Payne-Whitney Psychiatric Clinic in Manhattan for 17 years, and then served as Dean and Provost at Cornell from 1991-1996
• Myles Cunningham, Class of 1958, president of the American Cancer Society, 1997
• Sandra F. Olson, Class of 1963, GME 1969, first woman president of American Academy of Neurology, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, and the Chicago Neurological Society
• Irun Cohen, Class of 1963, distinguished immunologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.
• Joseph Silva, Class of 1966, dean, University of California–Davis School of Medicine, 1997-2005
• Eugene A. Bauer, Class of 1967, vice president for medical affairs and dean, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1995-2001
• Robert F. Spetzler, Class of 1971, Chair of Neurological Surgery and Director of the Barrow neurological institute in Phoenix, Arizona, 1983–present.
• Jay Perman, Class of 1972, president, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2010 – present, dean, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 2004-2010
• C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer^[38]
• David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, president of the University of Iowa 2003-2006, president of Cornell University 2006-2015, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 2015–present
• Joseph A. Walder, Class of 1975, founder and CEO of Integrated DNA Technologies, the largest supplier of custom nucleic acids in the United States
• Francisco González-Scarano, Class of 1975, distinguished neurologist working on the neurotropism of viruses, and dean of the University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, Texas
• Diane E. Meier, Class of 1977, American geriatrician, MacArthur Fellow, and internationally recognized expert on palliative medicine
• Ora Pescovitz, Class of 1979, executive vice president for medical affairs, University of Michigan; CEO, University of Michigan Health System
• Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies
• Deborah Asnis, Class of 1981, infectious disease specialist, discovered and reported first human cases of West Nile virus in the United States.^[39]
• David J. Smith, Class of 1981, Read Admiral, joint staff surgeon/chief medical advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; United States delegate to the North American Treaty Organization Council of Medical Directors
• Boris Lushniak, Class of 1981, Rear Admiral, deputy U.S. Surgeon General
• Michael Parmacek, Class of 1981, chair of the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
• James P. Kelly, Class of 1983, director, National Intrepid Center of Excellence
• Peter G. Traber, Class of 1984, president, Baylor College of Medicine, 2003-2008
• Michael Barratt, Class of 1985, NASA mission specialist, 2000–present; member International Space Station Expeditions 19 and 20, 2009; on final flight of Discovery 2011 STS 133.
• Harold Paz, GME 1985 and 1986, vice president and dean, Penn State Hershey Medical College
• Debi Thomas, Class of 1997: 1988 Olympic Figure Skating Bronze Medalist and orthopedic surgeon

References

External links

• Feinberg School of Medicine
• Northwestern Memorial Hospital