Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests

Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
Ecology
Biome	Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Borders	Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Northern Triangle temperate forests Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rain forests Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests Himalayan subtropical pine forests
Bird species	490^[1]
Mammal species	183^[1]
Geography
Area	83,100 km² (32,100 sq mi)
Countries	Bhutan, India and Nepal
Conservation
Habitat loss	20.809%^[1]
Protected	8.97%^[1]

The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests is a temperate broadleaf forest ecoregion found in the middle elevations of the eastern Himalayas, including parts of Nepal, India, and Bhutan. These forests have an outstanding richness of wildlife.

Setting

This ecoregion covers an area of 83,100 km² (32,100 sq mi) and constitutes a band of temperate broadleaf forests lying on steep mountain slopes of the Himalayas between approximately 2,000 and 3,000 m (6,600 and 9,800 ft). It extends from the Kali Gandaki River in Nepal across Sikkim and West Bengal in India, Bhutan, and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

The temperate broadleaf forests transition into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests and the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests at lower elevations, and into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests at higher elevations. This area receives over 2000 mm of rainfall per year, mostly falling from May to September during the monsoon.

Flora

The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests are diverse and species-rich, with a great diversity (of oaks and rhododendrons in particular) and many endemic species including plants of Indomalayan, Indochinese, Himalayan, Eastern Asiatic and even Gondwanan origin.

The ecoregion has two broad forest types: evergreen and deciduous. Evergreen forests are characterized by oaks (Quercus spp.), chiefly Quercus lamellosa, together with Lithocarpus pachyphylla, Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron falconeri, Rhododendron thomsonii, Michelia excelsa, Michelia cathcartii, Bucklandia populnea, Symplocos cochinchinensis, Magnolia spp., Cinnamomum spp., and Machilus spp. The many rhododendron species include more than fifty in Sikkim and another sixty in Bhutan.

In the deciduous forests meanwhile the predominant tree species are Himalayan maple (Acer campbellii), Juglans regia, Alnus nepalensis, Betula alnoides, Betula utilis, and Echinocarpus dasycarpus.

Finally in Eastern Nepal there are wetter areas dominated by a mixture of Magnolia campbellii, Acer campbellii and Osmanthus suavis along with Himalayan hazel (Corylus ferox).

Fauna

The forests are home to over 500 species of bird some of which migrate to the higher Himalayas in the hot summer. There are twelve near-endemic bird species as well as the strictly endemic rufous-throated wren-babbler. A number of bird species especially pheasant, tragopan and hornbill are easily threatened by changes to their habitat and those found here include the globally threatened rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Sclater's monal (Lophophorus sclateri), white-bellied heron (Ardea insignis), Blyth's tragopan (Tragopan blythii) and Ward's trogon (Harpactes wardi).

There are four endemic or near-endemic mammals including Gee's golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) which is found north of the Brahmaputra River between the Sankosh and Manas Rivers. Other endemic mammals are Hodgson's giant flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus), Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) and Brahma white-bellied rat (Niviventer brahma), while endangered species found here include a population of Bengal tigers adapted to higher mountain slopes and having a high conservation priority. Other endangered species include takin (Budorcas taxicolor) and Himalayan serow (a subspecies of Capricornis sumatraensis) as well as the vulnerable Mandelli's mouse-eared bat (Myotis sicarius), Assam macaque (Macaca assamensis), stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), dhole (Cuon alpinus), back-striped weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and Irrawaddy squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus). The area also includes patches of fir forest with a bamboo undergrowth that are home to the endangered red panda (Ailurus fulgens).

Conservation

Most of the forest is intact as these are steep inaccessible slopes, although the Quercus lanata forests of the lower elevations are vulnerable to clearance, while the upper slopes are liable to be used for livestock grazing, especially in more densely populated Nepal. Protected areas include Namdapha National Park and Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, Makalu Barun National Park in Nepal, and parts of Thrumshingla, Jigme Dorji, and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Parks and Kulong Chu Wildlife Sanctuary in Bhutan. There are plans to create corridors of protection linking some of these areas in Bhutan and in India. The area around Namdapha National Park has been increasingly settled by Chakma refugees from Bangladesh. Another threat is the plan to build a dam on the Dihing River.^[2] One area of importance that is currently unprotected is Mount Phulchowki in the Kathmandu valley.

Protected areas

In 1997, the World Wildlife Fund identified 15 protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of approximately 5,800 km² (2,200 sq mi) that includes 7% of the ecoregion's area.^[3]

Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests) (120 km²)
Mouling National Park, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests) (200 km²)
Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical pine forests and Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests) (110 km²)
Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests) (410 km²)
Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal (159 km² (61 sq mi)^[4])
Makalu-Barun National Park, Nepal (1,500 km² (580 sq mi)^[4]); also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
Neora Valley National Park, West Bengal (88 km² (34 sq mi)^[5])
Torsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bhutan (651 km² (251 sq mi)^[5]); also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (560 km²)
Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (310 km²)
Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests) (390 km²)
Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows) (600 km²)
Namdapha National Park, Bhutan (1,580 km²)
Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (780 km²)
Chayu Nature Reserve, Tibet (also extends into the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests) (320 km²)

References

1 2 3 4 Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L., ed. The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
↑ "Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
↑ Wikramanayake, E.; Dinerstein, E.; Loucks, C. J.; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. Pp. 335-338
1 2 Bhuju, U. R., Shakya, P. R., Basnet, T. B., Shrestha, S. (2007). Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Kathmandu, ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5
1 2 Shakya, B., Joshi, R. M. (2008). Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region with Special Reference to the Kangchenjunga Landscape. In: N. Chettri, B. Shakya, E. Sharma (eds.) Biodiversity Conservation in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. Pp. 13–20.

External links

WWF: Map of ecoregions in Nepal, showing the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests

Indomalaya Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests	Bhutan, India, Nepal
Northern Triangle temperate forests	Myanmar
Western Himalayan broadleaf forests	India, Nepal, Pakistan

Ecoregions of India

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests	Andaman Islands rain forests Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests Malabar Coast moist forests Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests Meghalaya subtropical forests Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rain forests Nicobar Islands rain forests North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests North Western Ghats montane rain forests Orissa semi-evergreen forests South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests South Western Ghats montane rain forests Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests	Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests Chota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests East Deccan dry evergreen forests Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests Northern dry deciduous forests South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests

Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests	Himalayan subtropical pine forests Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests	Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests Western Himalayan broadleaf forests

Temperate coniferous forests	Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands	Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands

Montane grasslands and shrublands	Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows

Flooded grasslands and savannas	Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh

Deserts and xeric shrublands	Deccan thorn scrub forests Indus Valley desert Northwestern thorn scrub forests Thar desert

Mangrove	Godavari-Krishna mangroves Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves Myanmar coast mangroves Sundarbans mangroves

Ecoregions of India

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