Der Ruf (newspaper)

Der Ruf

A scan of the front page of the November 15, 1945 edition of the POW paper Der Ruf.
Type Monthly newspaper
Founded March 1, 1945 (1945-March-01)
Language German
Ceased publication March 15, 1949 (1949-March-15)

Der Ruf or The Call was a German language newspaper published in Fort Kearny in Narragansett, Rhode Island during World War II by captured prisoners of war (POWs). It was distributed to about 140 other POW camps in the United States.[1] After returning to Germany, two of the former POWs founded a German newspaper of the same name.[2]

Fort Kearny was the headquarters of a secret campaign to re-educate German POWs and instill democratic ideas, in the hopes that on their return to Germany they would influence the democratization of the country.[1][2]:ix

Background

Special projects division

Der Ruf was the brainchild of a military program called the prisoner of war special projects division. The special projects division was inspired in part by news articles claiming hard core Nazis dominated life inside prison camps, beating and intimidating prisoners who spoke out against Hitler.[3] Eleanor Roosevelt met with Dorothy Thompson, one of the journalists who had written about conditions in the prison camps, and Army Major Maxwell McKnight, and together put pressure on President Franklin Roosevelt who authorized the creation of the division.[3]

The Special Projects Division was led by Lt. Col. Edward Davison and was intended to promote American ideals among German POWs.[2]:55 One of the program's first projects was to separate prisoners based on their level of adherence to Nazi ideals.[2][3] Hard core Nazis were moved to a special camp in Alva, Oklahoma,[3] while intellectuals who expressed anti-Nazi sentiments in their interrogations and who had literary talent were sent to camps on the east coast to work with the special projects division.[2]:4, 12, 55

Col. Davison was known as a gifted poet and had been a professor at the University of Colorado prior to the war.[3] Davison and McKnight were somewhat hesitant to push for reeducation because they feared American POWs in Germany would be retaliated against, however the Geneva Convention, while prohibiting indoctrination, encouraged "intellectual diversions".[3] Those prisoners who were identified as having anti-Nazi sentiments were put to work creating these diversions.[3] This group of prisoners came to be known as "The Idea Factory" or, "The Factory".[3]

Fort Kearny

The Factory was originally located at a POW camp housed in a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp in Cayuta, New York.[3] However, the special projects division was unhappy with the treatment the carefully identified prisoners were receiving, and looked for a new location for their camp.[3]

Fort Kearny, Rhode Island consisted of 20 acres in Saunderstown, Rhode Island.[3] It had been constructed in 1908 to provide coastal defense, and was named for Civil War Major General Philip Kearny.[3] By 1943 the threat to the United States east coast was diminished and Fort Kearny's guns were relocated or scrapped.[3][4] Kearny had barracks suitable for prisoners and guards, a kitchen, administrative buildings, and the grounds were shielded from public view.[3] The fort was reclassified as a prison in February 1945 and the first 85 prisoners were moved in immediately.[3]

Many of the first 85 prisoners had served in the German military against their will, and some had even been inmates in Nazi concentration camps.[3] All of them had passed rigorous tests designed to weed out all but those most opposed to the Nazi regime.[3] Before the war they had been artists, professors, and writers in Germany.[3] Their goals were to make Germany a better place after the war, and many of them did become influential thinkers and writers in post-war Germany.[3]

The camp was commanded by U.S. Army Captain Robert Kunzig.[3] The existence of the camp and the activities conducted there were to be kept secret.[3] The identities of the prisoners were also to be kept secret, to protect their families in Germany.[3] It was feared that, if the nature of the activities the Fort Kearny prisoners were engaged in were to become public, Americans would be angry at some prisoners being coddled, while Germans would view the prisoners as traitors and harm their families back home.[3]

The special projects division was keen to earn the trust of the special prisoners kept at Fort Kearny, and as a result it was not run like other POW camps.[3] There were no towers or armed guards, although the camp was surrounded by barbed wire.[3] Inspections were conducted, but the prisoners did not face the same sort of pressures as prisoners in other camps.[3] Nevertheless, there were no escapes or even escape attempts reported at Fort Kearny.[3]

POWs at Kearny were required to renounce their German military ranks and sign a declaration that they owed no loyalty to the Nazi Party or to Hitler, believed in democracy, would refrain from activity that could be detrimental to the United States, and wouldn't try to escape.[3] American guards referred to the prisoners as "Mr." and, although they still had to wear POW uniforms with "PW" on them, they were occasionally permitted to wear pants that weren't marked.[3]

POW paper

The main "intellectual diversion" worked on by prisoners at Fort Kearny was a POW newspaper, Der Ruf.[2]:4, 55[3] The name Der Ruf or The Call was chosen because American authorities hoped it would serve as a "call" inspiring prisoners to rethink their prior attitudes and to embrace American ideals.[2]:55 Development of the paper began in 1944, and prisoner involvement began in 1945.[2]:55

Walter Shoenstedt listed the four objectives of the paper as:

  • To create a prisoner of war magazine for the broadest audience possible
  • To provide exact news of all important military and political events
  • To print news from the homeland, good reading material, and entertainment in order to
    • Foster realistic thought and constructive interests and feeling
    • Avoid stirring up political emotions or injuring national pride
    • Satisfy the desire for real cultural expression among the prisoners and to reflect their point of view as much as possible
    • To give prisoners moral support and open a larger political horizon for their benefit and
    • To make prisoners conscious of the tasks which await them in the future.
  • To create and print the best German newspaper (in content and form) of our time.[2]:57

The first editor-in-chief of the paper was German novelist and newspaper correspondent Dr. Gustav René Hocke.[3] His staff of prisoners not only wrote the articles but also undertook the production activities of the paper.[3] It was printed using offset presses, and good quality newsprint.[3]

The first issue of the paper appeared on March 1, 1945 in a run of 11,000 copies.[2]:55–56 That issue was distributed to 134 POW camps.[3] Circulation eventually reached 75,000 copies per issue.[2]:56 The paper was sold in camp canteens for five cents because the Americans were afraid that a free paper would "cause suspicion among the prisoners."[2]:56

The first issue featured an article about the paper's purpose proclaiming,

The German prisoners of war in America now have their own newspaper! . . . “Der Ruf” will be way above any party or small group quarrel. It will not serve the personal ambitions of the few. It will foster real German Culture. It will serve us all and through us, our country. It will denounce in the strongest terms any idle chatter and gossip. It will demonstrate clearly the seriousness of our position and will not hide the hard and cold facts of world events behind high sounding words. It is the reputation of the German people we have to serve, believing in a sense of goodness and decency. We must give it our full approval and cooperation. When “Der Ruf” reaches you, answer with a military “Present.” Make sure that not one of us who still has a spark of feeling left for home and family is absent.[2]:56–57[5]:75

and featuring articles about the progress of the war, news from Germany, excerpts from various camp newspapers, and pieces on American culture.[2]:57

The paper frequently ran articles encouraging prisoners to think about what they would do to rebuild Germany upon their return home at war's end.[2]:58 Prisoners who wrote for the paper tended to be idealistic, and to believe that returning prisoners would play an important role in shaping a new Germany.[2]:55

POWs who wrote for Der Ruf

Prisoners came to Fort Kearny through a variety of channels. Raymond Hoerhager, a POW in Arizona, made a derogatory remark about Nazis, and in a mock trial was sentenced to death as a traitor on his return to Germany, but a German-born Jewish prison guard who had fled Germany in 1933 helped him get sent to another prison camp, where his anti-Nazi views were vetted before he was sent to Fort Kearney.[3] Another prisoner, the artist Franz Wischnewski was simply told to bring his belongings by guards who acted like they wanted to kill him. Upon finding himself at Fort Kearny, he recommended the camp get Alfred Andersch.[3]

Andersch, along with Hans Werner Richter were two of the most important POWs to work on the paper.[2] Before the war Andersch and Richter were communists, and had misgivings about the Nazi regime.[2]:ix Andersch, in fact, had been a prisoner at Dachau concentration camp.[3] He was forced to join the Wehrmacht, and was captured in Italy in 1944.[2][3]:ix Richter likewise served in the Wehrmacht despite his dislike for the Nazi regime, and was also captured in Italy.[2]:ix After their capture they were transported to the United States to serve the remainder of the war as POWs.[1][2]:ix

Andersch was first sent to an anti-Nazi POW camp in Louisiana.[3] After Wischnewski recommended him he was taken from that camp to Fort Kearney, where he was moved to tears to learn that Wischnewski and others he knew were waiting for him.[3]

Andersch joined the paper for its second issue in April 1945.[2]:56, 57 Richter joined the paper in September of that same year.[2]:56 At times, they were reluctant to write for Der Ruf.[2]:ix However, after the war their time writing for Der Ruf in the United States inspired them to promote a vision of Germany that included both democratic and socialist ideals.[2]:ix

Among the visions that the paper put forward of life in Germany after the war, was the proposition that Europe rebuild by seeking economic unity stating, "The united economy will be a vital part of Europe's destiny."[2]:58

After the surrender of Germany in March 1945, many prisoners showed increased interest in participating in reeducation efforts.[2]:61 This may have contributed to Der Ruf's continuing growth in popularity.[2]:61

Reception and reactions

Der Ruf routinely sold out, forcing increased printings with every issue.[2]:xiv Nevertheless, it "failed to resonate" with the POWs.[2]:xiv Nazis at some camps described it as "Jewish propaganda . . . not fit for men", burned copies of it, and threatened prisoners who intended to purchase copies.[3] It also had a "literary and intellectual focus" that did not match the average prisoner's interests.[2]:4 Lastly, German prisoners did not appreciate being on the receiving end of American propaganda. Elmer Beck, a German POW who had been held at Fort Custer, Michigan, said:

[T]he Americans also wanted us to think a certain way, to reject our traditional way of life and especially National Socialism. No one likes to be propagandized. . . . That's why I disliked Der Ruf. It was a very disturbing paper for many of us. I know it was written by Germans, but it was filled with lots of propaganda.[2]:14

Despite the fact that many prisoners rejected the paper as propaganda, many others appreciated the availability of high-quality, well written articles on a diverse array of subjects such as news about the war and aspects of American culture.[2]:56 For example, Private Herbert Diedler, held at Camp Cooke, California, wrote:

What I welcome in Der Ruf is the objective, reasonable, and unsparing judgement about the events of the last years, the frank description of the present situation, the wise preparation for the things which the physical and spiritual reconstruction of our homeland will demand of us and last, not least, the clearness and beauty of the German language which characterizes most articles."[2]:62

The fact that the Nazis in many camps were virulently against Der Ruf enabled prison officials to identify them and send more of them to Camp Alva.[3] In one prison camp, the POW who managed the camp canteen attempted to remove the paper from the inventory was placed in solitary confinement. The magazine was returned to shelves and sold out within minutes.[3] Der Ruf actually ended up making a profit.[3]

In Germany

A scan of the front page of the August 14, 1946 edition of the paper.

After returning to Germany Andersch and Richter founded a new newspaper, also called Der Ruf, which they first used to promote the idea that the war had provided Germany with the opportunity to rebuild the entire society in a way that would promote peace in Europe.[2]:ix-x However, they became frustrated with the allied occupation of Germany, and that combined with growing antagonism between the United States and Soviet Russia led Andersch and Richter to be removed as editors of the paper in 1947, at which point they founded Group 47.[2]:x After their departure, they were replaced as editors by Erich Kuby.[2]:xiv

References

  1. 1 2 3 Campbell, James (August 5, 2010). "POW camps little-known part of island legacy". Jamestown Press. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Horton, Aaron (Dec 11, 2013). German POWs, Der Ruf, and the Genesis of Group 47: The Political Journey of Alfred Andersch and Hans Werner Richter. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781611476170.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 McBurney, Christian; Wallin, Brian. "The Top Secret World War II Prisoner-of-War Camp at Fort Kearney in Narragansett". Small State Big History. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  4. ↑ FortWiki article on Fort Kearny
  5. ↑ Robin, Ron (1995). The Barbed-Wire College. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400821624. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

External links

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