Convoy TM 1

Convoy TM 1 Part of Atlantic Campaign of the Second World War HMS Havelock in camouflage Date 3–12 January 1943 Location mid-Atlantic Ocean Result German victory Belligerents  Nazi Germany  United Kingdom  Belgium Commanders and leaders Rudolf Schendel Cdr. Boyle Strength 10 U-boats 1 destroyer 3 corvettes 9 tankers Casualties and losses 2 U-boats damaged 7 ships sunk

Atlantic Campaign America Northern Barrage Caribbean St. Lawrence Gibraltar Timeline River Plate HX 72 SC 7 HX 79 HX 84 HX 90 SC 19 Berlin HX 106 HG 53 OB 293 HX 112 4 April 1941 OB 318 HX 126 Denmark Strait Bismarck OG 69 OG 71 SC 42 HG 73 SC 48 HG 76 2nd Happy Time Torpedo Alley Neuland ON 67 27 March 1942 OG 82 6 June 1942 HG 84 SL 78 QS 15 SC 94 ON 122 QS 33 ON 127 Laconia SC 100 SC 104 HX 212 SL 125 SC 107 Casablanca ON 144 ON 154 TM 1 SG 19 SC 118 ON 166 UC 1 SC 121 HX 228 UGS 6 HX 229/SC 122 Black May ONS 5 SC 129 SC 130 ONS 18/ON 202 SC 143 ONS 20/ON 206 Sept-Îles SL 138/MKS 28 SL 139/MKS 30 SL 140/MKS 31 Stonewall Bay of Biscay Lyme Bay 26 April 1944 13 May 1944 HX 300 WEP 3 BX 141 Teardrop

Convoy TM 1 was the code name for an Allied convoy during the Second World War. Nine tankers, escorted by Royal Navy warships, attempted to reach Gibraltar from Trinidad. The convoy was attacked by a U-boat wolf pack in the central Atlantic Ocean, and most of the merchant vessels were sunk. This was one of the most successful attacks on Allied supply convoys throughout the entire war.^[1] The convoy was defended by the destroyer HMS Havelock, and three Flower class corvettes, HMS Godetia, HMS Pimpernel and HMS Saxifrage. Seven tankers were sunk during the attacks, two surviving to reach Gibraltar.^[2] Two U-boats were damaged during the attacks.

Battle

U-124 located HMS Godetia on 29 December 1942, escorting two tankers to join up with the main convoy. U-514 made contact with the convoy on 3 January and attacked and damaged the tanker MV British Vigilance, forcing her crew to abandon her though the ship remained afloat. By now aware that a large tanker convoy was headed through the Atlantic, presumably to deliver supplies to the allied armies in North Africa, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the German BdU (commander in chief of U-Boats) ordered wolf pack "Dolphin" to move into the area and attempt to intercept it.^[2]

U-381 made contact with the convoy on 8 January, and the wolf pack launched their first attacks that evening. U-436 attacked and sank the SS Oltenia II and damaged the MV Albert L. Ellsworth.^[2] HMS Havelock launched a counter-attack, damaging and driving off U-381, while Pimpernel and Godetia drove off U-571 and U-575 respectively.^[3] U-522 returned the following morning and attacked the convoy, damaging two tankers, the MV Norvik, and MV Minister Wedel, while U-442 damaged the Empire Lytton. U-181 and U-134 made attacks, but failed to hit any targets. Godetia retaliated with depth charges, damaging U-134.^[2]

U-620 kept in contact with the convoy, and in the evening of 9 January, U-522 attacked the two tankers she had damaged earlier in the morning, Norvik and Minister Wedel, and sank both of them. Meanwhile, U-442 returned to the damaged and abandoned Empire Lytton and finished her off with two torpedoes, while U-436 returned to the abandoned Albert L. Ellsworth and sank her with shells from her deck gun. The U-511 came across the MV William Wilberforce, a merchant ship sailing unescorted and not part of convoy TM 1, and sank her.^[2]

The attacks resumed on the night of 10/11 January, with U-522 torpedoing the MV British Dominion. Her crew abandoned her, but the ship was only damaged and did not sink until U-620 arrived and sank her with a coup-de-grace torpedo and gunfire. Other attacks that evening and over the next two days, by U-571 and U-511, fail to score any successes. By now the convoy was approaching Gibraltar, and the destroyer HMS Quentin and the corvettes HMS Samphire and HMS Pentstemon were sent out to reinforce the escorts. Supported by allied air cover, the convoy reached Gibraltar without further loss on 14 January. Two tankers, the Cliona and the Vanja, survived from the original nine. The final action came on 24 January, when the abandoned hulk of British Vigilance, torpedoed by U-514 on 3 January, was discovered by U-105, and promptly sunk.^[3]

Order of battle

Merchants

  This along with the * indicates that the ship was sunk

Name[4]	Nationality[4]	Tonnage[4]	Cargo	Fate	Date of attack	Survivors	Dead	Notes
Albert L. Ellsworth (1937)	Norwegian	8,309 gross register tons (GRT)	Furnace oil	Damaged by U-436 Sunk by U-436*	8 January 9 January	42	0
British Dominion (1928)	British	6,983 GRT	Aviation spirit	Damaged by U-522 Sunk by U-620*	11 January 11 January	16	37
British Vigilance (1942)	British	8,093 GRT	Clean petroleum products	Damaged by U-514 Sunk by U-105*	3 January 24 January	27	27
Cliona (1931)	British	8,375 GRT		Reached port safely
Empire Lytton (1942)	British	9,807 GRT	Aviation spirit	Damaged by U-442 Sunk by U-442*	9 January 9 January	34	14
Minister Wedel (1930)	Norwegian	6,833 GRT	Furnace oil	Damaged by U-522 Sunk by U-522*	9 January 9 January	38	0
Norvik (1938)	Panamanian	9,555 GRT	Furnace oil	Damaged by U-522 Sunk by U-522*	9 January 9 January	43	2
Oltenia II (1928)	British	6,394 GRT	Furnace oil, lubricating oil, military stores	Sunk by U-436*	8 January	43	17
Vanja (1929)	Norwegian	6,198 GRT		Reached port safely

Escorts

U-boats

Wolf pack Dolphin

Others

References

• Blair, Clay Hitler's U-Boat War The Hunted 1942-1945 Random House (1998) ISBN 0-679-45742-9
• Darwin, Peter: A Day-By-Day History: World War II, 2007 ISBN 978-1-84999-045-5
• Morison, Samuel Eliot History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Volume I) The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1947)
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Hummelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X. 
• U-boat.net

Notes