Conus ventricosus

Conus ventricosus

Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Conus ventricosus Gmelin, J.F., 1791

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Clade:	Caenogastropoda
Clade:	Hypsogastropoda
Clade:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Conidae
Genus:	Conus
Species:	C. ventricosus
Binomial name
*Conus ventricosus* Gmelin, 1791
Synonyms^[1]
See "List of synonyms"

Conus ventricosus, common name the Mediterranean cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.^[1]^[2]

Conus ventricosus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, is a recognized subspecies.

Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

Description

The size of the shell varies between 13 mm and 63 mm. The shell is yellowish brown, pink-brown or olivaceous.It is sometimes chocolate-brown, very closely nebulously spotted and reticulated. And sometimes it is interrupted-lined with chestnut, with a narrow, light band below the middle. The spire is elevated, rudely gradate and maculated. The interior of the aperture is light chocolate, with a light band. ^[3]

The peptide Contryphan-Vn was extracted from the venom of this marine snail. ^[4] It is part of a complex mixture of poisonous compounds secreted by this cone snailand used in worm hunting. ^[5]

Distribution

This marine species has a wide distribution found in shallow waters ranging in the Mediterranean Sea.

It was also found as a fossil from the Pliocene ^[6] and the Miocene ^[7]

List of synonyms

Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 · accepted, alternate representation
Conus adansonii Lamarck, 1810
Conus adriaticus Nardo, 1847
Conus amazonicus Nardo, 1847
Conus caillaudi Jay, 1846
Conus chersoideus Nardo, 1847
Conus cinctus Bosc, 1801
Conus clodianus Nardo, 1847
Conus cretheus Nardo, 1847
Conus epaphus Nardo, 1847
Conus epaticus Renier, 1804 (unavailable name: published in a work placed on the Official Index of Invalid and Rejected Specific Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 316)
Conus errosus Renier, 1804 (unavailable name: published in a work placed on the Official Index of Invalid and Rejected Specific Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 316)
Conus fortis Renier, 1804 (unavailable name: published in a work placed on the Official Index of Invalid and Rejected Specific Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 316)
Conus franciscanus Bruguière, 1792
Conus galloprovincialis Locard, 1886
Conus galloprovincialis var. lineolata Locard & Caziot, 1900 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus lineolatus Valenciennes, 1832)
Conus galloprovincialis var. minor Locard & Caziot, 1900 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus ventricosus var. minor Monterosato, 1878)
Conus galloprovincialis var. producta Coen, 1933
Conus galloprovincialis var. turrita Coen, 1933
Conus glaucescens G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
Conus grossii Maravigna, 1853 (synonym)
Conus guestieri Lorois, 1860
Conus hanleyi G. B. Sowerby II, 1857 Conus hanley AZRC 547-34a Conus hanley AZRC 548-34b
Conus herillus Nardo, 1847
Conus humilis von Salis Marschlins, 1793
Conus ignobilis Olivi, 1792 (synonym)
Conus ignobilis var. rufa Scacchi, 1836
Conus inaequalis Reeve, 1849
Conus intermedius Lamarck, 1810 - fossil
Conus istriensis Nardo, 1847
Conus jamaicensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
Conus jaspis Salis Marschlins, 1793 (synonym)
Conus listeri Renier, 1804 (unavailable name: published in a work placed on the Official Index of Invalid and Rejected Specific Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 316)
Conus madurensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
Conus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
Conus mediterraneus f. gaudiosus Nicolay, 1978 (unavailable name: established as a "form" after 1960)
Conus mediterraneus var. acuta Requien, 1848
Conus mediterraneus var. alalmus de Gregorio, 1885
Conus mediterraneus var. alba Coen, 1933 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus virgo alba Spalowsky, 1795)
Conus mediterraneus var. albina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. alticonica Pallary, 1904 (synonym)
Conus mediterraneus var. amigus de Gregorio, 1885
Conus mediterraneus var. arenaria Monterosato, 1917
Conus mediterraneus var. ater Philippi, 1836
Conus mediterraneus var. atra Philippi, 1844
Conus mediterraneus var. caerulescens Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
Conus mediterraneus var. carinata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus carinatus Swainson, 1822)
Conus mediterraneus var. castanea Coen, 1933
Conus mediterraneus var. debilis Monterosato, 1917
Conus mediterraneus var. elongata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1885
Conus mediterraneus var. emisus de Gregorio, 1885
Conus mediterraneus var. fasciata Requien, 1848 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus fasciatus Schröter, 1803, and several others)
Conus mediterraneus var. flammulata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. flavescens Coen, 1933 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus flavescens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834)
Conus mediterraneus var. fusca Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. interrupta Coen, 1933 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus interruptus Wood, 1828)
Conus mediterraneus var. lutea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus luteus G.B. Sowerby I, 1833)
Conus mediterraneus var. major Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. marmoratus Philippi, 1836 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus marmoratus Holten, 1802)
Conus mediterraneus var. minor Monterosato, 1878
Conus mediterraneus var. oblonga Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. obtusa Requien, 1848
Conus mediterraneus var. pallida Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. persistens Kobelt, 1906
Conus mediterraneus var. pretunculus Monterosato, 1917
Conus mediterraneus var. rubens Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
Conus mediterraneus var. rufatra de Gregorio, 1885
Conus mediterraneus var. scalare Dautzenberg, 1911 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832)
Conus mediterraneus var. scalaris Pallary, 1912 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832)
Conus mediterraneus var. subconcolor Requien, 1848
Conus mediterraneus var. subviridis de Gregorio, 1885
Conus olivaceus Salis Marschlins, 1793 (synonym)
Conus olivaceus Kiener, 1850 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus olivaceus Salis, 1793)
Conus pallans Nardo, 1847
Conus phegeus Nardo, 1847
Conus postdiluvianus Risso, 1826
Conus rusticus Poli, 1826 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus rusticus Linnaeus, 1758)
Conus siculus Delle Chiaje, 1828
Conus stercutius Nardo, 1847
Conus submediterraneus Locard, 1886
Conus thuscus Nardo, 1847
Conus trunculus Monterosato, 1899
Conus vayssierei var. ossea Monterosato, 1917
Conus ventricosus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
Conus ventricosus var. elpus de Gregorio, 1885
Conus ventricosus var. empismus de Gregorio, 1885
Conus ventricosus var. pereirae de Gregorio, 1885
Conus zealandicus Hutton, 1873
Cucullus annulas Noodt, 1819
Cucullus glaucus Röding, 1798
Lautoconus mediterraneus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792)
Lautoconus mediterraneus var. noeformis Monterosato, 1923
Lautoconus ventricosus (Gmelin, 1791)

References

1 2 Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 2 October 2011.
↑ Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180-213.
↑ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences (described as Conus mediterraneus)
↑ Gabriella Raybaudi Massiliaa, M.Eugenia Schininàb, Paolo Ascenzia, Fabio Polticelli, Contryphan-Vn: A Novel Peptide from the Venom of the Mediterranean Snail Conus ventricosus; Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Volume 288, Issue 4, 9 November 2001, Pages 908–913
↑ Cristina Romeo, Laura Di Francesco, Marco Oliverio, Paola Palazzo, Gabriella Raybaudi Massilia, Paolo Ascenzi, Fabio Polticelli, Maria Eugenia Schininà: Conus ventricosus venom peptides profiling by HPLC-MS: A new insight in the intraspecific variation; Journal of Separation Science, 2008, DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700448
↑ Bronn, H. G., 1831. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde und deren organische Einschlüsse-176
↑ Glibert (1958). Bull.Inst.R.Sci.Nat.Belg.34 #32

Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Vermes. In Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig, pp. 3021-3910]
Olivi G., 1792: Zoologia Adriatica, ossia catalogo ragionato degli animali del golfo e della lagune di Venezia Bassano, Venecia [ix] + 334 + xxxii pp., 9 pls
(French) Bruguière J.G., 1789-1792: Encyclopédie méthodique. Histoire naturelle des vers.; Panckoucke, Paris Vol. 1: 1-344 [june 1789]. Vol. 2: 345-758 [13 feb 1792], dates after N. EVENHUIS, 2003, Zootaxa, 166: 37; Zootaxa, 207]. Atlas pl. 1-189 [1791] pl. 190-286 [1797] pl. 287-390 [1798] pl. 391-488 [1816: tavole curate da Deshayes]
Salis Marschlins C. U. von, 1793 : Reisen in verschieden Provinzen den Königreischs Neapel; Zurich and Leipzig, Ziegler Vol. I: pp. 442 + 10 pl.
Philippi R. A., 1844: Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. Vol. 2; Eduard Anton, Halle [Halis Saxorum] iv + 303 p., pl. 13-28
(Italian) Maravigna C., 1853: Descrizione di alcune nuove o poco conosciute specie di conchiglie siciliane; Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali (2) 8: 121-140
(French)Locard A., 1886 : Prodrome de malacologie française. Catalogue général des mollusques vivants de France. Mollusque marins; Lyon, H. Georg & Paris, Baillière pp. X + 778
(French) Monterosato T. A. (di), 1899 (26 dicembre): Coquilles marines de Chypre ; Journal de Conchyliologie 47 (4): 392-401
(French)Pallary P., 1904-1906: Addition à la faune malacologique du Golfe de Gabès; Journal de Conchyliologie 52: 212-248, pl. 7; 54: 77-124, pl. 4
(French) Pallary P., 1912c : Sur la faune de l'ancienne lagune de Tunis; Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord 4(9): 215-228
Filmer R.M. 2001. A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
Tucker J.K. 2009. Recent cone species database. September 4th 2009 Edition.
(French) Le Granché Philippe, Damerval Marc, in : Doris, 11/2/2013 : Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791
Puillandre, N.; Duda, T.F.; Meyer, C.; Olivera, B.M.; Bouchet, P. (2015). "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu055.

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