Close central rounded vowel
| Close central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʉ | |||
| ü | |||
| IPA number | 318 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʉ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0289 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
} | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
u" | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨}⟩. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "barred u".
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [ẅ].[1]
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
There is also a near-close central rounded vowel in some languages.
Close central protruded vowel
The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
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- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Some Eastern dialects[2] | յուղ | [jʉʁ] | 'oil' | Allophone of /u/ after /j/ |
| Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen[3] | ? | [lːæjˈɡːʉɾ] | 'he goes' | Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants. |
| English | Australian[4] | choose | [t͡ʃʉːz] | 'choose' | In Australian English it's fronted [ʉ̟ː]. In Cockney and Estuary English it's often a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]. In Scotland and the Scouse accent it can be more front, while in Geordie it can be more back. The exact length also varies between dialects. See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| Central Eastern American[5] | |||||
| Cockney[6] | |||||
| Estuary[7] | |||||
| Modern RP speakers[8] | |||||
| New Zealand[9] | |||||
| Norfolk[10] | |||||
| Scottish[11] | |||||
| Scouse[12] | |||||
| Some speakers of Geordie[13] | |||||
| South African[14] | |||||
| Southern American[15] | |||||
| Ulster[16] | Long allophone of /u/.[16] See English phonology | ||||
| German | Basel dialect | Muus | [mʉːs] | 'mouse' | Corresponds to [uː] in other Swiss German dialects. |
| Dialect of Markgräflerland | |||||
| Chemnitz dialect[17] | Buden | [ˈpʉːtn̩] | 'booths' | See Chemnitz dialect phonology | |
| Hausa[18] | Allophone of /u/.[18] | ||||
| Ibibio | Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo[19] | [fʉ́ʉk] | 'cover many things/times' | Allophone of /u/ between consonants.[19] | |
| Some dialects[19] | Phonemic; contrasts with /u/.[19] | ||||
| Irish | Munster[20] | ciúin | [cʉ̠ːnʲ] | 'quiet' | Somewhat retracted;[20] allophone of /u/ between slender consonants.[20] See Irish phonology |
| Ulster[21] | úllaí | [ʉ̜ɫ̪i] | 'apples' | Often only weakly rounded;[21] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. | |
| Lüsu[22] | [lʉ55zʉ53] | 'Lüsu' | |||
| Russian[23] | кюрий | [ˈkʲʉrʲɪj] | 'curium' | Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Tamil[24] | ஆனால் | [äːnäːlʉ] | 'but' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ɨ] instead.[24] See Tamil phonology | |
Close central compressed vowel
| Close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ÿ | |
| ɏ | |
| ɨ͡β̞ | |
| ɨᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Another possibility is ⟨ɏ⟩, a centralized [y] by analogy with the other close central vowels. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ ([ɨ] modified with labial compression[25]).
Features
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
This vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ɨᵝ] where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.[26]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese | Some younger speakers[27] | 空気/kūki | [kÿːki] | 'air' | Near-back [u͍] for other speakers.[27] See Japanese phonology |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[28] | hus | [hÿːs] | 'house' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʉː⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Some dialects | ful | [fÿːl] | 'ugly' | More front in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʉː⟩. See Swedish phonology |
See also
References
- ↑ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:14)
- ↑ Abdel-Massih (1971:20)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ "North American English Dialects" (PDF). p. 12.
- ↑ Matthews (1938:78)
- ↑ Przedlacka (2001:42)
- ↑ "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:168)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Watson (2007:357)
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:269)
- ↑ Lass (2002:116)
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:?)
- 1 2 "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ↑ Khan & Weise (2013:236)
- 1 2 Schuh & Yalwa (1999:90)
- 1 2 3 4 Urua (2004:106)
- 1 2 3 Ó Sé (2000)
- 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013:75)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:67–68)
- 1 2 Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ↑ e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
- ↑
- 1 2 Okada (1999:118)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:15)
Bibliography
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels" (PDF), Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17: 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Matthews, William (1938), Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London, Detroit: Gale Research Company
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Przedlacka, Joanna (2001), "Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 36: 35–50
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397