Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Other names
Polychloroethylene | |
| Identifiers | |
| 68648-82-8[1] | |
| Abbreviations | CPVC, PVC-C |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.122.975 |
| Properties | |
| for 67% Cl Polymer:(C9H11Cl7)n[2] | |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
| Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride | |
|---|---|
| Type | Thermoplastic |
| Physical Properties | |
| Density (ρ) | 1.56 g/cm3 |
| Water absorption—Equilibrium (ASTM) | 0.04-0.4 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| Young's modulus (E) | 2.9-3.4 GPa |
| Tensile strength (σt) | 50-80 MPa |
| Elongation (ε) at break | 20-40% |
| Notch test | 2-5 kJ/m2 |
| Thermal Properties | |
| Melting temperature (Tm) | 150 °C |
| Glass transition temperature (Tg) | 106 - 115 °C |
| Vicat softening point—50 N (Vicat B) | 106 to 115 °C |
| Thermal conductivity (k) | 0.16 W/(m·K) |
| Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) | 8 x 10−5 /K |
| Specific heat capacity (c) | 0.9 kJ/(kg·K) |
| Economics | |
| Price | 0.5-1.25 €/kg |
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) is a thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin which is significantly more flexible and can withstand higher temperatures than standard PVC. Uses include hot and cold water pipes, and industrial liquid handling.
History
Genova Products located in Michigan initially created the first CPVC tubing and fittings for hot and cold water distribution systems in the early 1960s. The original tetrahydrofuran (THF) / methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) formulas for CPVC cements were developed by Genova in conjunction with the B.F. Goodrich Company, the original developer of the CPVC resin.
Production process
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) is PVC (polyvinyl chloride) that has been chlorinated via a free radical chlorination reaction. This reaction is typically initiated by application of thermal or UV energy utilizing various approaches. In the process, chlorine gas is decomposed into free radical chlorine which is then reacted with PVC in a post-production step, essentially replacing a portion of the hydrogen in the PVC with chlorine.
Depending on the method, a varying amount of chlorine is introduced into the polymer allowing for a measured way to fine-tune the final properties. The chlorine content may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer; the base can be as low as PVC 56.7% to as high as 74% by mass, although most commercial resins have chlorine content from 63% to 69%. As the chlorine content in CPVC is increased, its glass transition temperature (Tg) increases significantly. Under normal operating conditions, CPVC becomes unstable at 70% mass of chlorine.
Various additives are also introduced into the resin in order to make the material processable. These additives may consist of stabilizers, impact modifiers, pigments and lubricants.
Physical properties
CPVC shares most of the features and properties of PVC. It is also readily workable, including machining, welding, and forming. Because of its excellent corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, CPVC is ideally suited for self-supporting constructions where temperatures up to 200 °F (90 °C) are present. Due to its specific composition, dealing with CPVC requires a specialized solvent cement, with high strength solvent cement variants being first introduced in 1965 by Genova Products, then followed by other products such as IPS's Weld-On line. The ability to bend, shape, and weld CPVC enables its use in a wide variety of processes and applications. It exhibits fire-retardant properties.
Comparison to polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Heat resistance
CPVC can withstand corrosive water at temperatures greater than PVC, typically 40 °C to 50 °C (104 °F to 122 °F) or higher, contributing to its popularity as a material for water piping systems in residential as well as commercial construction.
Mechanical properties
The principal mechanical difference between CPVC and PVC is that CPVC is significantly more ductile, allowing greater flexure and crush resistance. Additionally, the mechanical strength of CPVC makes it a viable candidate to replace many types of metal pipe in conditions where metal's susceptibility to corrosion limits its use.
Fire properties
CPVC is similar to PVC in resistance to fire. It is typically very difficult to ignite and tends to self-extinguish when not in a directly applied flame.
Due to its chlorine content, the incineration of CPVC, either in a fire or in an industrial disposal process, can result in the creation of chlorinated dioxins.
References
- ↑ http://www.caslab.com/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride_CAS_68648-82-8/
- ↑ Felder, Richard M.; Rousseau, Ronald W. Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes. p. 581. ISBN 978-0471687573.