Chinese food therapy

"Dietary therapy" and "food therapy" redirect here. For science-based dietary modification to treat or prevent disease, see medical nutrition therapy.
Chinese food therapy
Alternative medicine
Claims Health claims relating to Chinese diet
Related fields Traditional Chinese medicine

Chinese food therapy (simplified Chinese: 食疗; traditional Chinese: 食療; pinyin: shíliáo; literally: "food therapy", also called nutrition therapy and dietary therapy) is a mode of dieting rooted in Chinese understandings of the effects of food on the human organism,[1] and centred on concepts such as eating in moderation.[2][3] Its basic precepts are a mix of folk views and concepts drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. It was the prescientific analog of modern medical nutrition therapy and now qualifies as alternative medicine.

Food therapy has long been a common approach to health among Chinese people both in China and overseas, and was popularized for western readers in the 1990s with the publication of books like The Tao of Healthy Eating (Flaws 1995a) and The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen (Young 1999),[4] which also cites Flaws 1995b, Zhao & Ellis 1998, and Simonds 1999.

Origins

A number of ancient Chinese cookbooks and treatises on food (now lost) display an early Chinese interest in food, but no known focus on its medical value.[5] The literature on "nourishing life" (养生; 養生; yangsheng) integrated advice on food within broader advice on how to attain immortality. Such books, however, are only precursors of "dietary therapy", because they did not systematically describe the effect of individual food items.[6]

The earliest extant Chinese dietary text is a chapter of Sun Simiao's Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold (千金方; Qiānjīn fāng), which was completed in the 650s during the Tang dynasty.[7] Sun's work contains the earliest known use of the term "food (or dietary) therapy" (食疗; 食療; shíliáo).[1] Sun stated that he wanted to present current knowledge about food so that people would first turn to food rather than drugs when suffering from an ailment.[8] His chapter contains 154 entries divided into four sections – on fruits, vegetables, cereals, and meat – in which Sun explains the properties of individual foodstuffs with concepts borrowed from the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon: qi, the viscera, and vital essence (精; jīng), as well as correspondences between the Five Phases, the "five flavors" (sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, and salty), and the five grains.[9] He also set a large number of "dietary interdictions" (食禁; shíjìn), some based on calendrical notions (no water chestnuts in the 7th month), others on purported interactions between foods (no clear wine with horse meat) or between different flavors.[10]

Sun Simiao's disciple Meng Shen (孟诜; 孟詵; 621–713) compiled the first work entirely devoted to the therapeutic value of food: the Materia Dietetica (食疗本草; 食療本草; Shíliáo běncǎo; "food therapy materia medica"). This work has not survived, but it is quoted in later texts – like the 10th-century Japanese text Ishinpō – and a fragment of it has been found among the Dunhuang manuscripts. Surviving excerpts show that Meng gave less importance to dietary prohibitions than Sun, and that he provided information on how to prepare foodstuffs rather than just describe their properties.[11] The works of Sun Simiao and Meng Shen established the genre of materia dietetica and shaped its development in the following centuries.[12]

Precepts

Although the precepts of Chinese food therapy are neither systematic nor identical in all times and places, some basic concepts can be isolated.[13] Food items are classified as "heating" (热; 熱; rè) or "cooling" (凉; 涼; liáng). "Heating" food is typically "high-calorie, subjected to high heat in cooking, spicy or bitter, or 'hot' in color (red, orange)", and includes red meat, innards, baked and deep-fried goods, and alcohol.[13] They are to be avoided in the summer and can be used to treat "cold" illnesses like excessive pallor, watery feces, fatigue, chills, and low body temperature caused by a number of possible causes, including anemia. Green vegetables are the most typical cooling food, which is "low-calorie, watery, soothing or sour in taste, or 'cool' in color (whitish, green)". They are recommended for "hot" conditions: rashes, dryness or redness of skin, heartburns, and other "symptoms similar to those of a burn", but also sore throat, swollen gums, and constipation.[13]

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Engelhardt 2001, p. 173.
  2. ↑ Whang J (January 1981). "Chinese traditional food therapy". J Am Diet Assoc. 78 (1): 55–7. PMID 7217561.
  3. ↑ Shen, CuiZhen; Samantha Mei-Che Pang; Enid Wai-Yung Kwong; ZhiQing Cheng (April 2010). "The effect of Chinese food therapy on community dwelling Chinese hypertensive patients with Yin-deficiency.". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 19 (7-8): 1008–1020. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02937.x. PMID 20492045.
  4. ↑ Barnes 2013, p. 339–341.
  5. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, p. 174–175.
  6. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, p. 175–176.
  7. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, p. 176.
  8. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, p. 177.
  9. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, pp. 178–181.
  10. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, pp. 181–183.
  11. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, pp. 184–187.
  12. ↑ Engelhardt 2001, p. 187.
  13. 1 2 3 Anderson 2013, pp. 259–260.

Works cited

Further reading

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