Ceratozamia
| Ceratozamia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ceratozamia mexicana | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | Ceratozamia Brongn. |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Ceratozamia is a genus of New World cycads in the family Zamiaceae. The genus contains 27 known currently living species and one or two fossil species. Most species are endemic to mountainous areas of Mexico, while few species extend into the mountains of Guatemala, Honduras and Belize.[1][2] The genus name comes from the Greek ceras, meaning horn, which refers to the paired, spreading horny projections on the male and female sporophylls of all species.[3][4]
Many species have extremely limited ranges, and almost all described species are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I / EU Annex A, and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. Illegal plant poaching has posed a major threat to Ceratozamia species.[5]
Description
The plants are dioecious, with a globose or cylindrical stem, rarely dichotomously branched, that may be underground or emergent. Several species produce basal shoots or suckers. The leaves are pinnately compound, straight, and spirally arranged. Leaf bases are usually deciduous but sometimes persistent. The petioles and rachis often have spines, though there may be very few to none. Leaflets are simple, entire, and articulate at the base, with parallel side veins and no distinct central vein. Male cones are cylindrical, upright, hairy, and stalked. Female cones are stalked or sessile, erect, and have short hairs. Seeds are oblong or elliptical, with a fleshy whitish outer coat.
Distribution and habitat
Most species inhabit mountainous areas at 800–1000 m elevation, on sheltered slopes in moist forests. These forests range from tropical rainforests that are always wet, to pine-oak forests with alternating wet and dry seasons. There is a noticeable correlation between characteristics of species and the wetness or dryness of the habitat. Species with broad, thin leaflets live in wet habitats, and species with narrow, thick leaflets live in climates with wet and dry seasons.
Classification
The genus consists of 27 known species:[1][6]
- Ceratozamia alvarezii Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Iglesias – Chiapas
- Ceratozamia becerrae Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Schutzman – Tabasco, Chiapas
- Ceratozamia brevifrons Miq. – Veracruz
- Ceratozamia chimalapensis Pérez-Farr. & Vovides – Oaxaca
- Ceratozamia decumbens Vovides, S.Avendaño, Pérez-Farr. & González-Astorga – Veracruz
- Ceratozamia euryphyllidia Vázq. Torres, Sabato & D.W. Stev. – Veracruz, Oaxaca
- Ceratozamia fuscoviridis D. Moore – Hidalgo
- Ceratozamia hildae G.P. Landry & M.C. Wilson – Querétaro, San Luis Potosí
- Ceratozamia hondurensis J.L. Haynes, Whitelock, Schutzman & R.S. Adams – Honduras
- Ceratozamia huastecorum S. Avendaño, Vovides & Cast.-Campos – Veracruz
- Ceratozamia kuesteriana Regel – Tamaulipas
- Ceratozamia latifolia Miq. – Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo
- Ceratozamia matudae Lundell – Chiapas, Guatemala
- Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn. – Puebla, Veracruz
- Ceratozamia microstrobila Vovides & J.D. Rees – San Luis Potosí
- Ceratozamia miqueliana H. Wendl. – Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas
- Ceratozamia mirandae Vovides, Pérez-Farr. & Iglesias – Chiapas
- Ceratozamia mixeorum Chemnick, T.J. Greg. & S. Salas-Mor. – Oaxaca
- Ceratozamia morettii Vázq. Torres & Vovides – Veracruz
- Ceratozamia norstogii D.W. Stev. – Oaxaca, Chiapas
- Ceratozamia robusta Miq. – Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala
- Ceratozamia sabatoi Vovides, Vázq. Torres, Schutzman & Iglesias – Querétaro, Hidalgo
- Ceratozamia santillanii Pérez-Farr. & Vovides – Chiapas
- Ceratozamia vovidesii Pérez-Farr. & Iglesias – Chiapas
- Ceratozamia whitelockiana Chemnick & T.J. Greg. – Oaxaca
- Ceratozamia zaragozae Medellin-Leal – San Luis Potosí
- Ceratozamia zoquorum Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Iglesias – Chiapas
There are two described fossil species, Ceratozamia hofmannii and Ceratozamia wrightii, but the former may actually be a monocotyledon. Ceratozamia wrightii is the first evidence of the genus in the fossil record, with leaf fragments of the species found in Eocene deposits on Kupreanof Island in Alaska. This would support the hypothesis that there was a subtropical climate in northern areas during the Tertiary.
References
- 1 2 3 "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org.
- ↑ Hill, K.D. & Stevenson, D.W. (1999). A world list of Cycads, 1999. Excelsa 19: 67-72.
- ↑ Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Cycadaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala – Part I. Fieldiana, Botany 24(1): 11–20.
- ↑ Vovides, A. P., J. D. Rees & M. Vázquez-Torres. 1983. Zamiaceae. Flora de Veracruz 26: 1–31.
- ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., J. L. Reveal, A. K. Farjon, M. F. Gardner, R. R. Mill & M. W. Chase. 2011. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
- ↑ Haynes, J.L. 2011. World List of Cycads: A Historical Review. IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group.
Bibliography
- Jones, David L. (2002). Cycads of the World: Ancient Plants in Today's Landscape. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-043-0.
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